{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:20:37Z","timestamp":1768450837109,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,20]],"date-time":"2019-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD056182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD056182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We previously demonstrated the normal mouse epididymal lumen contains a non\u2010pathological amyloid matrix that surrounds spermatozoa and plays important roles in sperm maturation and protection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective herein was to present a review of this work, including studies showing the amyloid structures of four members of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRES<\/jats:styled-content> (cystatin\u2010related epididymal spermatogenic) subgroup are integral and essential components of the amyloid matrix.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used conformation\u2010dependent reagents that recognize the cross\u2010\u03b2\u2010sheet structure characteristic of amyloid, including thioflavin S (ThS), thioflavin T (ThT), anti\u2010amyloid antibodies, and X\u2010ray diffraction, as well as negative\u2010stain transmission electron microscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEM<\/jats:styled-content>) to visualize amyloid structures in the epididymal lumen. Antibodies that specifically detect each <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRES<\/jats:styled-content> subgroup family member were also used in indirect immunofluorescence analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The epididymal lumen contains an amyloid matrix that surrounds maturing spermatozoa and represents a functional amyloid. Alterations in the structure of the amyloid matrix by the loss of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRES<\/jats:styled-content> subgroup members or the overexpression of cystatin C result in epididymal pathologies, including infertility. Preliminary data suggest the epididymal amyloid matrix is structurally and functionally similar to bacterial biofilms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, these results suggest the amyloid matrix serves important roles in epididymal function including sperm maturation and protection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T04:38:52Z","timestamp":1548045532000},"page":"603-609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The epididymal amyloid matrix: structure and putative functions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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