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However, a growing body of evidence has recently suggested that other hormones act on the reproductive tract since the early phases of fetal development. Anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 are still largely used only for research purposes despite being increasingly recognized as markers of Sertoli and Leydig cells function, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Provide an up\u2010to\u2010date review of the role of anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 in human pathophysiology according to current evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A thorough literature review was performed on PubMed, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OVID MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content> and Google Scholar for papers concerning anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 in human males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 is not acutely regulated by the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary axis but is constitutively secreted by Leydig cells, therefore representing a valid marker for their number and status. Anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone expression, on the other hand, is downregulated by androgens, therefore occurring mostly at the early stages of testicular differentiation and before the onset of puberty. Several conditions affecting testicular development, such as male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and their treatment have been associated to specific pattern of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 and anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone expression, proving a role for both hormones in the diagnostic and therapeutic management. Recent reports suggest a role for both anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 in extra gonadal physiology, such as cardiovascular and bone health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 are markers of Sertoli and Leydig cells maturation, respectively, usually involved in the pathogenesis of disorders of sexual differentiation. However, their role in testicular pathology has only been hinted at in the last decades. Recent evidence supports an involvement of both anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 in extragonadal pathophysiology as well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T10:23:48Z","timestamp":1550831028000},"page":"131-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["AMH and INSL3 in testicular and extragonadal pathophysiology: what do we know?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Sansone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology M\u00fcnster Germany"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Section\u00a0of Medical Pathophysiology Food Science and Endocrinology \u2013 Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kliesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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