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However, the effect of bisphenol A on spermiogenesis is yet to be explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate whether bisphenol A has adverse effects on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> integrity and protamination of spermatogenic cell.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Newborn male mice were subcutaneously injected with bisphenol A (0.1, 5\u00a0mg\/kg body weight, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015) or coin oil (control group, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020) daily from post\u2010natal day 1 until 35. At post\u2010natal day 70, epididymis caudal spermatozoa and testes were collected. Sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were analyzed. The sperm chromatin structure assay was performed to examine the sperm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> fragmentation. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">dUTP<\/jats:styled-content> nick end labeling (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TUNEL<\/jats:styled-content>) method was used to assess apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. The ultrastructural features of testicular sections were examined under a transmission electron microscope. Western blot and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> were used to detect the expression levels of transition protein (Tnp) 1 and Tnp2, protamine (Prm) 1 and Prm2 protein, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> in mice testes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bisphenol A significantly reduced sperm counts, impaired sperm motility, and increased the percentage of malformed spermatozoa. Poor sperm chromatin integrity and increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TUNEL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive spermatogenic cells were also observed in mice exposed to bisphenol A. Ultrastructural analysis of testes showed that bisphenol A exposure caused incomplete chromatin condensation, retention of residual cytoplasm, and abnormal acrosome formation. In addition, the relative expression levels of Tnp2 and Prm2 in mice testes decreased significantly in bisphenol A groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings identified that neonatal bisphenol A exposure may negatively contribute to the sperm quality in adult mice. Mechanistically, we showed that bisphenol A reduced sperm chromatin integrity along with increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> damage, which may be due to poor protamination of spermatozoa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T06:40:12Z","timestamp":1567752012000},"page":"486-496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effects of bisphenol A exposure on <scp>DNA<\/scp> integrity and protamination of mouse spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Technology Weifang Medical University Weifang China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai 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