{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:55:45Z","timestamp":1791093345864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010somatotropic (HPS) axes are strongly interconnected. Interactions between these axes are complex and poorly understood. These interactions are characterized by redundancies in reciprocal influences at each level of regulation and the combination of endocrine and paracrine effects that change during development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To comprehensively review the crosstalk between the HPG and HPS axes and related pathological and clinical aspects during various life stages of male subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A thorough search of publications available in PubMed was performed using proper keywords.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molecular studies confirmed the expressions of growth hormone (GH) and insulin\u2010like growth factor\u2010I (IGF\u2010I) receptors on the HPG axis and reproductive organs, indicating a possible interaction between HPS and HPG axes at various levels. Insulin growth factors participate in sexual differentiation during fetal development, indicating that normal HPS axis activity is required for proper testicular development. IGF\u2010I contributes to correct testicular position during minipuberty, determines linear growth during childhood, and promotes puberty onset and pace through gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone activation. IGF\u2010I levels are high during transition age, even when linear growth is almost complete, suggesting its role in reproductive tract maturation. Patients with GH deficiency (GHD) and insensitivity (GHI) exhibit delayed puberty and impaired genital development; replacement therapy in such patients induces proper pubertal development. In adults, few studies have suggested that lower IGF\u2010I levels are associated with impaired sperm parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of GH\u2010IGF\u2010I in testicular development remains largely unexplored. However, it is important to evaluate gonadic development in children with GHD. Additionally, HPS axis function should be evaluated in children with urogenital malformation or gonadal development alterations. Correct diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention are needed for healthy puberty, attainment of complete gonadal development during transition age, and fertility potential in adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T03:06:15Z","timestamp":1601953575000},"page":"168-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Somatotropic\u2010Testicular Axis: A crosstalk between GH\/IGF\u2010I and gonadal hormones during development, transition, and adult age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7476-0737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Tenuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5611-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Carlomagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2658-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"Cangiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3526-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Kanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Naval and Veterans Affairs Hospital Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1147-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Pozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2220-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Sbardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Isidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"Krausz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \"Mario Serio\u201d University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2682-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Gianfrilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.4.0310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.027060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-1-159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1240129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-2-428"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"3209","article-title":"Differential impact of age, sex steroid hormones, and obesity on basal versus pulsatile growth hormone secretion in men as assessed in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay","volume":"80","author":"Veldhuis JD","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0283-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(01)00190-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.10.7.903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.24.13215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-106-6-1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59837-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(90)90091-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000182566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-4-1857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0563"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.47.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31816c8ffc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.4.6661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.3.6557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/ghir.1999.0114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.82.10.3414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.74.2.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-2-424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199012000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-6-2858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.3.8103446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000126284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1140399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.14.7239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2908"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-1000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-4-821"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"744","article-title":"Serum insulin\u2010like growth factor\u2010I in 1030 healthy children, adolescents, and adults: relation to age, sex, stage of puberty, testicular size, and body mass index","volume":"78","author":"Juul A","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02556.x","article-title":"Serum insulin\u2010like growth factor I in a random population sample of men and women: relation to age, sex, smoking habits, coffee consumption and physical activity, blood pressure and concentrations of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin","volume":"41","author":"Landin\u2010Wilhelmsen K","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1410601"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","first-page":"550","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH)\u2010deficient men are more responsive to GH replacement therapy than women","volume":"82","author":"Burman P","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"2002","article-title":"Gender differences in the effects of long term growth hormone (GH) treatment on bone in adults with GH deficiency","volume":"84","author":"Johansson AG","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K09E-342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.4.5931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0236-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0630625"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"338","article-title":"Effect of human growth hormone therapy on penile and testicular size in boys with isolated growth hormone deficiency: first year of treatment","volume":"19","author":"Laron Z","year":"1983","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66003-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01594-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.9.8756530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1939"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.6.5776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.3.4645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0698e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302009000800009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01111-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16044-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0883-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32808"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02457"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","first-page":"3754","article-title":"Effect of two years of growth hormone and insulin\u2010like growth factor\u2010I suppression on prostate diseases in acromegalic patients","volume":"85","author":"Colao A","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2005.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.000810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.006965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.11.7088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.007831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00352-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.6.8838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01889"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical growth of Swiss children from birth to 20 years of age. First Zurich longitudinal study of growth and development","volume":"52","author":"Prader A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Helv Paediatr Acta Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.8.4137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.711531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3261"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","first-page":"3059","article-title":"Serum insulin\u2010like growth factor I (IGF\u2010I) and IGF\u2010binding protein 3 levels are increased in central precocious puberty: effects of two different treatment regimens with gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone agonists, without or in combination with an antiandrogen (cyproterone acetate)","volume":"80","author":"Juul A","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","first-page":"17\u20100216","article-title":"Growth hormone insensitivity: Mexican case report","volume":"2017","author":"Castilla\u2010Cortazar I","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Three cases of congenital growth hormone deficiency with micropenis and hypospadias: what does growth hormone have to do with it?","volume":"51","author":"Urzola A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198910123211501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.6.768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-15-3-369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00917.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1380176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000182563"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441309","article-title":"Final height and pubertal development in 55 children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency, treated for between 2 and 15 years with human growth hormone","volume":"137","author":"Burns EC","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-2-376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00439244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_120_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Management of idiopathic growth hormone deficient patients during puberty","volume":"347","author":"Price DA","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58222-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12061.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2015.05.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_124_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"Age at first ejaculation (spermarche)\u2013the overlooked milestone in male development","volume":"7","author":"Laron Z","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000181593"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000502231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.3.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70344-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0891"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000329743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.111332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1999.12.5.611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70136-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58458-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513599609041266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1280019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014850199262724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55023-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2658"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_145_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on pituitary hormone secretion and hormone replacement therapies in GHD adults","volume":"61","author":"Hubina E","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1400224"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_147_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on IGF\u2010related parameters and on the pituitary\u2010gonadal axis in GH\u2010deficient males. A double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled crossover study","volume":"49","author":"Juul A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58456-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_150_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Recombinant\u2010growth hormone (rec\u2010hGH) therapy in infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia","volume":"25","author":"Radicioni A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Eur Fertil"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/npep.2002.0889"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02655.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337600100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1974.tb03298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(72)90105-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.635457.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_158_1","first-page":"3395","article-title":"Clinical review 75: Recent advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of acromegaly","volume":"80","author":"Melmed S","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12859"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345805"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_163_1","first-page":"246","article-title":"Acromegaly Presenting as Erectile Dysfunction: Case Reports and Review of the Literature","volume":"17","author":"Raju JA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-114-1-240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(86)90424-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014850199262661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2016.43.2.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1999.00169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-01018-x"}],"container-title":["Andrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.12918","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/andr.12918","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.12918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T19:02:40Z","timestamp":1693767760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/andr.12918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/andr.12918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.12918","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2919","2047-2927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2919","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}