{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:36:37Z","timestamp":1772908597196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The difficulties encountered in surgical spermatozoa retrieval for intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure in azoospermic men have stressed the dire need for a robust biomarker for the prediction of spermatozoa retrieval. Data have highlighted the role of JMJD1A (Jumonji domain\u2010containing 1A), a histone H3K9 demethylase, and other nuclear proteins, protamines (PRM) and transition nuclear proteins (TNP), as biomarkers in male infertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To access successful spermatozoa retrieval at the time of intracytoplasmic sperm injection by evaluating the mRNA expression profile of <jats:italic>JMJD1A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNP<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PRM<\/jats:italic> in testicular tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>About 100 azoospermic patients, who visited the Australian Concept Infertility Medical Center, Karachi for spermatozoa retrieval by testicular sperm extraction or microsurgical testicular sperm\u00a0extraction participated in the study. mRNA expression of the <jats:italic>JMJD1A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNP1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNP2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PRM1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PRM2<\/jats:italic> genes was determined. Patients were categorized into successful spermatozoa retrieval (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 42) group and unsuccessful spermatozoa retrieval (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 58) group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Azoospermic men in successful spermatozoa retrieval had significantly increased expression of <jats:italic>JMJD1A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNP2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PRM2<\/jats:italic>. The hormonal parameters \u2013 follicle\u2010stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone were significantly higher in unsuccessful spermatozoa retrieval. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between JMJD1A, TNP2, PRM2, and successful spermatozoa retrieval. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve showed a significant discriminatory ability to predict the spermatozoa retrieval outcome in azoospermic patients for mRNA expression of <jats:italic>JMJD1A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNP2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PRM2<\/jats:italic> was 71, 72, and 73%, respectively. The area under the curve for follicle\u2010stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone was 0.67, 0.81, and 0.65, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study demonstrates that the mRNA expression profile of <jats:italic>JMJD1A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNP2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PRM2<\/jats:italic> along with hormonal parameters, is a useful marker to assess the probability of spermatozoa retrieval before intracytoplasmic sperm injection intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The probability of spermatozoa retrieval in azoospermic patients is increased when the mRNA expression profile of <jats:italic>JMJD1A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNP2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PRM2<\/jats:italic> in testicular tissue is 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