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Born in Le Pallet, near Nantes, Abelard became an academic and wandering cleric of great fame, founder of several schools that attracted students from all countries, arousing the admiration of his contemporaries and the profound envy of his colleagues. Around 1115, Abelard became master of the school of the Cathedral of Notre\u2010Dame. Shortly after, the canon Fulbert asked him to take his niece, the equally famous and highly cultured H\u00e9lo\u00efse d'Argenteuil (1092\u20131164), as a pupil. Thus a relationship began, celebrated for centuries to come, characterized by burning sexual and intellectual passion, by the famous correspondence, which will be the archetype of sentimental education and the template of romantic love letters, bythe birth of a son and consequent marriage, and by the cowardly revenge of Fulbert, who, together with a band of servants, mutilated \u201cthose parts of my body with which I had done what was the cause of their pain,\u201d as Abelard wrote. While this unclear self\u2010description has suggested to contemporaries and to posterity that Abelard was castrated, we aim to question this belief by analyzing in\u2010depth this historical\u2010andrological clinical case to understand if there is any evidence that could suggest that Abelard was instead the victim of an even more brutal punishment: penectomy. Signs and symptoms gleaned from the personal writings and historical perspectives of Abelard and his time are used here to provide a possible answer to a thousand\u2010year\u2010old question: what makes a man \u2026 a man?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T02:53:37Z","timestamp":1648695217000},"page":"825-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Castration and emasculation in the Middle Age. The andrological conundrum of Peter Abelard"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sansone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2936-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso B.","family":"Jannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry Department of Systems Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6864-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Dolci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuele A.","family":"Jannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Historia Calamitatum (The Story of My Misfortunes)","year":"1972","author":"Abelard","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Conflicted Identities and Multiple Masculinities: Men in the Medieval West","author":"Murray J","year":"1999"},{"volume-title":"The Wandering Scholars of the Middle Ages","year":"2000","author":"Waddell H","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9781844653270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"792","volume-title":"The Letter Collection of Abelard and Heloise","author":"Abelard","year":"2013"},{"volume-title":"Lettres et vie","year":"1996","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Epistolario con testo a fronte. 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