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However, these piRNAs must undergo a series of steps during biogenesis to be properly loaded onto PIWI proteins and reach the correct nucleotide length. This review is focused on what we are learning about a crucial step in this process, piRNA trimming, in which pre\u2010piRNAs are shortened to final lengths of 21\u201335 nucleotides. Recently, the 3\u2032\u20135\u2032 exonuclease trimmer has been identified in various models as PNLDC1\/PARN\u20101. Mutations of the piRNA trimmers in vivo lead to increased transposon expression, elevated levels of untrimmed pre\u2010piRNAs, decreased piRNA stability, and male infertility. Here, we will discuss the role of piRNA trimmers in piRNA biogenesis and function, describe consequences of piRNA trimmer mutations using mammalian models and human patients, and examine future avenues of piRNA trimming\u2010related study for clinical advancements for male infertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T07:29:19Z","timestamp":1666250959000},"page":"911-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["How genetic defects in piRNA trimming contribute to male infertility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Mann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan 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