{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:37:12Z","timestamp":1788950232806,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Germ granules are large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that emerge in the germline to participate in RNA regulation. The two most prominent germ granules are the intermitochondrial cement (IMC) in meiotic spermatocytes and the chromatoid body (CB) in haploid round spermatids, both functionally linked to the PIWI\u2010interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we clarified the IMC function by identifying proteins that form complexes with a well\u2010known IMC protein PIWIL2\/MILI in the mouse testis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PIWIL2 interactome included several proteins with known functions in piRNA biogenesis. We further characterized the expression and localization of two of the identified proteins, Exonuclease 3\u2032\u20135\u2032 domain\u2010containing proteins EXD1 and EXD2, and confirmed their localization to the IMC. We showed that EXD2 interacts with PIWIL2, and that the mutation of Exd2 exonuclease domain in mice induces misregulation of piRNA levels originating from specific pachytene piRNA clusters, but does not disrupt male fertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Altogether, this study highlights the central role of the IMC as a platform for piRNA biogenesis, and suggests that EXD1 and EXD2 function in the IMC\u2010mediated RNA regulation in postnatal male germ cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T05:47:28Z","timestamp":1673329648000},"page":"710-723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Intermitochondrial cement (IMC) harbors piRNA biogenesis machinery and exonuclease domain\u2010containing proteins EXD1 and EXD2 in mouse 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