{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T09:06:00Z","timestamp":1788599160419,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seminal vesiculitis is a common inflammation in the male genital tract. Etiologically, microbial infection and non\u2010infectious factors can be responsible for seminal vesiculitis. The pathogenic triggers and mechanisms underlying non\u2010infectious seminal vesiculitis remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To demonstrate that spermatozoa can induce seminal vesiculitis in mice, which could be attributable to spermatozoa\u2010induced innate immune responses in seminal vesicular epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spermatozoa from epididymis were injected into seminal vesicles at the tail of the gland. Histopathology of seminal vesicles were examined by hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining. Infiltration of leukocytes were identified by immunohistochemistry. Seminal vesicular epithelial cells were isolated from 5\u2010week\u2010old mice and cell types were detected by immunofluoresence. Western blot and real\u2010time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR) were used to detect protein and gene expression levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In vivo, local injection of epididymal spermatozoa into seminal vesicles resulted in seminal vesiculitis characterized by tissue swelling and leukocyte infiltration. In vitro, spermatozoa induced the expression of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, CXCL10, and MCP1, and the activation of NF\u2010\u03baB in seminal vesicular epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spermatozoa may induce seminal vesiculitis through the activation of innate immune responses in seminal vesicular epithelial cells, which provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying non\u2010infectious seminal vesiculitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T09:28:31Z","timestamp":1673861311000},"page":"1163-1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Spermatozoa\u2010induced seminal vesiculitis in 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