{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:44:36Z","timestamp":1792172676829,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides associated with various neurophysiological activities such as sleep, arousal, and reward. However, there are few studies investigating the relationships between orexin receptors in the paraventricular nucleus and sexual behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the roles of orexin receptors in the paraventricular nucleus on sexual behaviors and uncover its potential mechanisms in males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Orexin A, orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB334867, and orexin 2 receptor antagonist TCS\u2010OX2\u201029 were microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus to investigate the effects of orexin receptors on copulatory behavior testing of C57BL\/6 mice. To explore if ejaculation could activate orexin 1 receptor\u2010expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, fluorescence immunohistochemical double staining was utilized. The levels of serum norepinephrine were measured and the lumbar sympathetic nerve activity was recorded to reflect the sympathetic nervous system activity. Moreover, the bulbospongiosus muscle\u2010electromyogram was recorded and analyzed. To test whether perifornical\/lateral hypothalamic area orexinergic neurons directly projected to the paraventricular nucleus, virus retrograde tracing technology was utilized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Orexin A significantly enhanced sexual performance by shortening the intromission and ejaculation latencies, and increasing the mount and intromission frequencies, while the opposite outcomes appeared with SB334867. However, TCS\u2010OX2\u201029 had no significant effects on sexual behaviors. Moreover, orexin A increased lumbar sympathetic nerve activity and the levels of serum norepinephrine, while SB334867 decreased lumbar sympathetic nerve activity and norepinephrine, which caused a significant decrease in sympathetic nervous system outflow. Meanwhile, a robust increase in the bulbospongiosus muscle\u2010electromyogram activity was identified after microinjecting orexin A. Furthermore, cFos immunopositive cells were increased and double stained with orexin 1 receptor\u2010expressing neurons in the mating group. Additionally, the retrograde tracing results demonstrated that orexinergic neurons in the perifornical\/lateral hypothalamic area directly projected to the paraventricular nucleus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Orexin 1 receptor in the paraventricular nucleus could influence the ejaculatory reflex via mediating the sympathetic nervous system activity, which might be of great importance in the treatment of premature ejaculation in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T21:08:20Z","timestamp":1682111300000},"page":"198-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Orexin receptors in paraventricular nucleus influence sexual behavior via regulating the sympathetic outflow in males"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jiao\u2010Chen","family":"Luan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi\u2010Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing 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