{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:23:11Z","timestamp":1774556591263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K16473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K16473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K06730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K06730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004051","name":"Kato Memorial Bioscience Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the scarcity of studies using human tissues, the limited information is currently available on the gross structure of the caput epididymis in humans, at which efferent ducts connect to the epididymal duct.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study investigated the three\u2010dimensional structures of efferent and caput epididymal ducts in humans, with a focus on junctions between the former and the latter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined three sets of human efferent and caput epididymal ducts in specimens obtained from prostatic carcinoma patients. They were reconstructed from serial paraffin sections using a segmentation model created by a deep learning protocol and high\u2010performance three\u2010dimensional reconstruction software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serial sections and three\u2010dimensional images of human efferent and caput epididymal ducts were combined to obtain the detailed anatomical information. When a single efferent duct was defined as a duct connecting to both the extra\u2010testicular rete testis and epididymal duct, there were 14.7 efferent ducts with a total length of 3.0\u00a0m per specimen on average. The cranial portion of the efferent ducts joined to a single duct and terminated at the end of the epididymal duct, whereas other efferent ducts terminated independently on the side of the epididymal duct. These two types of junctions between the efferent and epididymal ducts differed in the patterns of the epithelial\u2010type switch. The epididymal duct consisted of multiple segments, which were separated by a minimal amount of connective tissue septa or even without them. Efferent ducts occupied most of the volume of the caput epididymis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>By utilizing deep learning, we reconstructed human efferent and caput epididymal ducts and revealed their precise three\u2010dimensional structures, which differed from those of rodents in several aspects. The present results may be useful for analyzing anatomical abnormalities related to some types of male infertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T15:50:18Z","timestamp":1683042618000},"page":"87-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional analysis of junctions between efferent and epididymal ducts in the human caput epididymis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Engineering Faculty of Health Sciences Komatsu University  Komatsu Japan"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science  Kanazawa 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