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The results were as follows: among non\u2010obstructive azoospermia patients whose first surgery was microdissection testicular sperm extraction, younger patients (standard mean difference: \u22120.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: \u22120.55 to \u22120.01) and those with smaller bilateral testicular volume (standard mean difference: \u22120.55, 95% CI: \u22120.95 to \u22120.15), lower levels of follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (standard mean difference: \u22120.86, 95% CI: \u22121.18 to \u22120.54) and luteinizing hormone (standard mean difference: \u22120.68, 95% CI: \u22121.16 to \u22120.19), and whose testicular histological type was hypospermatogenesis (odds ratio: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.30\u20139.53) were more likely to retrieve spermatozoa successfully, while patients with Sertoli\u2010cell\u2010only syndrome (odds ratio: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.24\u20130.73) were more likely to fail again in salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Additionally, in patients who underwent salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction after a failed initial conventional testicular sperm extraction, those with testicular histological type of hypospermatogenesis (odds ratio: 30.35, 95% CI: 8.27\u2013111.34) were more likely to be successful, while those with maturation arrest (odds ratio: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18\u20130.83) rarely benefited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that age, testicular volume, follicle\u2010stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, hypospermatogenesis, Sertoli\u2010cell\u2010only syndrome, and maturation arrest were valuable predictors of salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction, which will assist andrologists in clinical decision\u2010making and minimize unnecessary injury to patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  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