{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:39:57Z","timestamp":1747183197656,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sperm protein at 22\u00a0kDa has been associated with fertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the localization pattern of SP22 on ejaculated and caudal epididymal equine spermatozoa and in epididymal fluid, and to (2) characterize SP22 protein and mRNA expression in testicular and epididymal tissues in response to heat\u2010induced testicular degeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Semen was collected before and after hemi\u2010castration, as well as prior to and following insulation of the remaining testes, and tissue specimens were collected for analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histopathology confirmed degeneration in insulated testes. Ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa from samples collected prior to insulation of the testicles had a predominant staining pattern of SP22 over the equatorial region. However, the equatorial pattern in the pre\u2010insulation epididymal semen samples was significantly lower than in the pre\u2010insulation ejaculated semen samples (68\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03, 81\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6, respectively). Ejaculated and epididymal samples collected after insulation of the testicles showed a complete loss of staining as the predominant pattern. Western blot analysis verified the presence of SP22 on fresh ejaculated spermatozoa prior to and following heat\u2010induced degeneration, on epididymal spermatozoa after testicular insulation, and in testicular and epididymal tissues. Heat insulation significantly reduced messenger RNA expression in the head of the epididymis and testicular tissues. Immunohistochemistry of the testicular and epididymal tissues pre\u2010heating showed considerably weaker staining than the same tissues post\u2010heating.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was concluded that heat\u2010induced testicular damage causes both loss and relocation of SP22 on the sperm membrane. Future studies are warranted to determine the diagnostic value of these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:12:15Z","timestamp":1684887135000},"page":"211-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of testicular degeneration on expression of sperm protein at 22\u00a0kDa in stallions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3673-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynda M. J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gluck Equine Research Center University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Lincoln Memorial University  Harrogate Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine  Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana R.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gluck Equine Research Center University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"Squires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gluck Equine Research Center University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mats H. 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