{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:48:49Z","timestamp":1787168929650,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equine spermatozoa appear to differ from spermatozoa of other species in using oxidative phosphorylation preferentially over glycolysis. However, there is little information regarding effects of different energy sources on measured parameters in equine spermatozoa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the effect of three individual energy substrates, glucose, pyruvate, and lactate, on motion characteristics, membrane integrity, and acrosomal status of stallion spermatozoa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Freshly ejaculated stallion spermatozoa were incubated with combinations of glucose (5\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      ), pyruvate (10\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      ), and lactate (10\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      ) for 0.5 to 4\u00a0h. Response to calcium ionophore A23187 (5\u00a0\u03bc\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      ) was used to evaluate capacitation status. Motility was evaluated using computer\u2010assisted sperm analysis, and plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity were evaluated by flow cytometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incubation with lactate alone for 2\u00a0h increased acrosomal sensitivity to A23187. Notably, incubation with lactate alone for 4\u00a0h induced a significant spontaneous increase in acrosome\u2010reacted, membrane\u2010intact (viable) spermatozoa, to approximately 50% of the live population, whereas no increase was seen with incubation in glucose or pyruvate alone. This acrosomal effect was observed in spermatozoa incubated at physiological pH as well as under alkaline conditions (medium pH approximately 8.5). Sperm motility declined concomitantly with the increase in acrosome\u2010reacted spermatozoa. Sperm motility was significantly higher in pyruvate\u2010only medium than in glucose or lactate. The addition of pyruvate to lactate\u2010containing medium increased sperm motility but reduced the proportion of live acrosome\u2010reacted spermatozoa in a dose\u2010dependent fashion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to demonstrate that incubation with a specific energy substrate, lactate, is associated with spontaneous acrosome reaction in spermatozoa. The proportion of live, acrosome\u2010reacted spermatozoa obtained is among the highest reported for equine spermatozoa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the delicate control of key sperm functions, and may serve as a basis to increase our understanding of stallion sperm physiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T14:10:10Z","timestamp":1686406210000},"page":"459-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lactate as the sole energy substrate induces spontaneous acrosome reaction in viable stallion spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Ram\u00edrez\u2010Ag\u00e1mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Avil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University College Station Texas 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