{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:15:46Z","timestamp":1787318146660,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017607","name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20210324114807019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324114807019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non\u2010obstructive azoospermia is the most severe form of male infertility. A testicular biopsy is required for the diagnosis of non\u2010obstructive azoospermia, and the causal factors for non\u2010obstructive azoospermia remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To reduce the risk of multiple biopsies and identify factors that contribute to non\u2010obstructive azoospermia, we proposed an integrated approach for the preoperative diagnosis and clinical management of non\u2010obstructive azoospermia by applying the chromosome\u2010spreading technique and whole\u2010exome sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between July 2020 and December 2022, after ruling out definitive obstructive azoospermia and non\u2010obstructive azoospermia patients with testicular volume\u00a0&lt;\u00a06\u00a0mL, 20 patients with non\u2010obstructive azoospermia who underwent preoperative testicular diagnostic biopsy using testicular sperm aspiration were subjected to retrospective analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microscopic examination identified four patients with sperm cells, and 16 without sperm cells. Routine pathological analysis classified one patient as normal spermatogenesis, three as hypospermatogenesis, five as maturation arrest, nine as Sertoli cell\u2010only, and two as unable to judge. With chromosome\u2010spreading technology using routine cell suspension samples for microscopic examination, 18 patient diagnoses were validated, and two patients without a definitive diagnosis were supplemented. Detection of the Y chromosome and a well\u2010organized whole\u2010exome sequencing analysis revealed potential genetic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The full use of testicular biopsy is beneficial for the diagnosis of azoospermia, as it avoids the risk of multiple biopsies. Moreover, in combination with whole\u2010exome sequencing, clinicians can obtain more information regarding the pathogenesis of non\u2010obstructive azoospermia, which may guide treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:54:36Z","timestamp":1705280076000},"page":"1312-1323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An integrated approach for improving clinical management of non\u2010obstructive azoospermia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation Reproductive Medicine Center The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital  Shenzhen 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Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation Reproductive Medicine Center The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015\u20100282(02)03105\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"SharmaM LeslieSW.Azoospermia [Updated 2022 Nov 28].StatPearls Publishing;2023.Available 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