{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:12:56Z","timestamp":1793423576701,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>This retrospective study rigorously compares the clinical efficacy of three surgical methodologies for treating gynecomastia while providing guidance for future surgical modality selection. We analyzed records of 77 gynecomastia patients treated between January 2015 and October 2022. Patients were categorized into three groups: Group A (subcutaneous gland resection via areola incision), Group B (liposuction combined with single\u2010hole endoscopic gland resection), and Group C (liposuction combined with three\u2010hole endoscopic gland resection). Parameters assessed included patient demographics, intraoperative bleeding, surgical duration, hospitalization duration, costs, postoperative drainage, complications, and patient satisfaction. Group A had significantly shorter operation time and lower cost than Groups B and C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). There were no significant differences in postoperative drainage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). Group A had a higher incidence of subcutaneous fluid complications. All groups achieved 100% overall postoperative efficiency. Group B demonstrated superior outcomes for scarring and patient satisfaction. All three surgical modalities effectively treat gynecomastia. Circumareolar incision subcutaneous gland resection is optimal for mild to moderate cases due to reduced operation time and cost. Liposuction with single\u2010hole endoscopic gland resection and three\u2010hole endoscopic gland resection offers fewer complications and discreet incisions. Notably, the liposuction and single\u2010hole endoscopic approach yielded superior postoperative patient satisfaction, aligning with minimally invasive principles and warranting broad clinical application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T16:01:58Z","timestamp":1705420918000},"page":"1398-1407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative analysis of surgical modalities for the gynecomastia treatment: efficiency and aesthetic outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Debo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University  Quanzhou Fujian China"},{"name":"The School of Clinical Medicine Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou Fujian 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