{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:38:38Z","timestamp":1771846718699,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paternal age association with sperm parameters has been previously studied, demonstrating a decrease in semen volume, sperm motility, and sperm morphology, but not in sperm concentration. However, scarce data exists on the individual intra\u2010personal changes in semen parameters with time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the changes in semen parameters and total motile count of infertile men over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study, infertile men without known risk factors for sperm quality deterioration and at least two semen analyses done\u00a0&gt;\u00a03 months apart, between 2005 and 2021, were evaluated. Allocation to groups was according to time between first and last semen analyses \u2013 3\u201312 months, 1\u20133 years, 3\u20135 years, and\u00a0&gt;\u00a05 years. Basic characteristics and first and last semen analyses were compared. The primary outcome was the change in sperm parameters and the secondary outcome was the occurrence of a total motile count\u00a0&lt;\u00a05 million in men with an initial total motile count\u00a0&gt;\u00a010 million.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2018 men were included in the study. The median age at first semen analyses was 36.2 (interquartile range: 32.8\u201340.1) years and the median time between semen analyses was 323 days (range 90\u20135810 days).\u00a0The overall trend demonstrated an increase in concentration in the 3\u201312 months and the 1\u20133 years groups, whereas volume, motility, and morphology remained similar in these time groups. Semen analyses done more than 5 years apart showed decreased volume (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), motility (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) morphology (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and steady sperm concentration. Significant declines in TMCs were found over time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), with 18% and 22% of infertile men with an initial total motile count\u00a0&gt;\u00a010 million dropping to\u00a0&lt;\u00a05 million after 3 and 5 years, respectively. The factors independently predictive of total motile count\u00a0&lt;\u00a05\u00a0M in the last semen analyses in men with an initial total motile count of\u00a0&gt;\u00a010\u00a0M in a multivariate logistic regression model were baseline volume (odds ratio 0.80, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03), baseline total motile count (odds ratio 0.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01) and time between semen analyses \u2013 3\u20135 years (odds ratio 3.79, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and\u00a0&gt;\u00a05 years (odds ratio 3.49, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study demonstrates, at the individual level, that while improvement in sperm concentration is observed in the first year and between 1 and 3 years, possibly due to fertility treatments, fertility\u2010related counseling, and lifestyle changes, semen parameters decline with time over 3 years in individuals. Of significance, close to 22% of men with an initial total motile count\u00a0&gt;\u00a010 million (a range where spontaneous pregnancy is attainable) declined to\u00a0&lt;\u00a05 million (a range usually indicating a need for in\u2010vitro fertilization\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection) over 5 years. This data could contribute to individualized family planning for infertile men regarding the mode and timing of conception and the need for sperm banking, in order to minimize the need for future fertility treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T07:10:04Z","timestamp":1714461004000},"page":"226-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intra\u2010individual changes in sperm parameters and total motile count with time among infertile men"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1848-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilad","family":"Karavani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Division of Urology Mount Sinai Hospital University of Toronto  Toronto 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