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In this work, we elucidated the effect of different essential capacitation media components, bicarbonate, and bovine serum albumin or polyvinyl\u2010alcohol, and the incubation microenvironment on sperm parameters associated with capacitation, acrosome reaction, and their ability to activate oocytes via heterologous intracytoplasmic spermatozoa injection in equine cryopreserved spermatozoa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frozen\u2013thawed spermatozoa underwent incubation at different time intervals in either Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate medium (non\u2010capacitating; NC) or Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate supplemented with bicarbonate, bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol, bicarbonate and bovine serum albumin, polyvinyl\u2010alcohol and bovine serum albumin alone. Protein kinase A\u2010phosphorylated substrates and tyrosine phosphorylation levels, sperm motility, and acrosome reaction percentages were evaluated. After determining the best condition media (capacitating; CAP), heterologous intracytoplasmic spermatozoa injection on pig oocytes was performed and the phospholipase C zeta sperm localization pattern was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incubation of frozen\u2013thawed equine spermatozoa with bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol in atmospheric air for 45\u00a0min induced an increase in protein kinase A\u2010phosphorylated substrates and tyrosine phosphorylation levels compared to NC condition. Sperm incubation in bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol medium showed an increase in total motility and progressive motility with respect to NC (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.05). Interestingly, three parameters associated with sperm hyperactivation were modulated under bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol conditions. The kinematic parameters curvilinear velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement significantly increased, while straightness significantly diminished (curvilinear velocity: bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol\u00a0=\u00a0120.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.9 vs. NC\u00a0=\u00a076.91\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.9\u00a0\u00b5m\/s) (amplitude of lateral head displacement: bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol\u00a0=\u00a01.15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02 vs. NC\u00a0=\u00a00.77\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03\u00a0\u00b5m) (straightness: bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol\u00a0=\u00a00.76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01 vs. NC\u00a0=\u00a00.87\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.05). Moreover, the spontaneous acrosome reaction significantly increased in spermatozoa incubated in this condition. Finally, bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol medium was established as CAP medium. Although no differences were found in phospholipase C zeta localization pattern in spermatozoa incubated under CAP, equine spermatozoa pre\u2010incubated in CAP condition for 45\u00a0min showed higher fertilization rates when injected into matured pig oocytes (NC: 47.6% vs. CAP 76.5%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of bicarbonate and polyvinyl\u2010alcohol in supporting critical events associated with in vitro sperm capacitation in the horse, resulting in higher oocyte activation percentages following heterologous intracytoplasmic spermatozoa injection. This protocol could have an impact on reproductive efficiency in the equine breeding industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:54:19Z","timestamp":1716904459000},"page":"382-395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of bicarbonate and polyvinyl alcohol on in vitro capacitation and fertilization ability of cryopreserved equine spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6312-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"Arroyo\u2010Salvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Farmacol\u00f3gicos y Bot\u00e1nicos (CEFYBO) CONICET\u2010UBA Buenos Aires 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