{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:00:20Z","timestamp":1790744420247,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES044006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES044006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Testis volume, an indicator of the reproductive development during minipuberty, is commonly measured by Prader orchidometer, despite ultrasound being the gold standard. Data are lacking on the longitudinal relationship between these two measures and on the stability of boys\u2019 relative testis size across infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the relationship between ultrasound\u2010based and orchidometer\u2010based testis volume measurements and to assess the stability of relative testis size among individual boys in the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Infant Feeding and Early Development study is a longitudinal cohort of healthy infants recruited from hospitals in the Philadelphia area during 2010\u20132013. We measured testis size from birth to 28\u00a0weeks in 147 infants using Prader orchidometry (nine study visits) and ultrasound (five study visits). We modeled testis growth, extracted predicted volumes for each boy on each day of the study, and ranked these volumes from smallest to largest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average testis volume trajectory exhibited linear growth over the first 16\u00a0weeks followed by slower growth and then a plateau. Prader orchidometry overestimated testis size by almost 3\u2010fold, compared to ultrasound. A range of ultrasound volumes corresponded to each bead size (e.g., bead size of 1 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> corresponded to an ultrasound\u2010based volume between 0.11 and 0.87 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). Infants changed rankings of median of 22 positions (of 147) across the entire 6\u2010month follow\u2010up. Infants\u2019 ranks near birth were highly correlated with their ranks at the end of the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consistent with other studies, we found wide variability in testis size during infancy and that Prader orchidometry overestimates testis size. When compared to ultrasound, orchidometry only crudely estimates testis size in this age group. Ultrasound\u2010based volumes generally showed stability in relative testis size across infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accurate measurement of testis size is difficult using orchidometry in infants. This highlights the need for ultrasound for accurate measurement, with a one\u2010time measurement likely sufficient to determine relative testis size across the first 6 months of infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T10:42:24Z","timestamp":1717152144000},"page":"202-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A comparison of ultrasound\u2010based testis volume with Prader orchidometry and stability of testis size relative to peers from birth to 28\u00a0weeks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen B.","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health George Mason University  Fairfax Virginia 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USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Summer L.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen G.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia A.","family":"Stallings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter J.","family":"Rogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health Research Triangle Park  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Umbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health Research Triangle Park  Durham North Carolina 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