{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:43:20Z","timestamp":1788903800575,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Existing literature does not provide accurate epidemiological data regarding the true prevalence of men with non\u2010obstructive azoospermia (NOA) who would be eligible for hormonal optimization therapy, according to specific pre\u2010treatment criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the characteristics of those men with NOA who would qualify for the medical therapy prior to any SR procedure in a large multi\u2010centric cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete data from 1644 NOA patients seeking medical help for primary infertility at three tertiary referral centers from USA, Brazil, and Italy were analyzed. Baseline serum hormone levels were collected for all patients. NOA was confirmed after two consecutive semen analyses. Genetic tests, including karyotype analysis and Y microdeletions, were performed on all patients. Patients with secondary hypogonadism (total testosterone (T) levels less than 300\u00a0ng\/dL and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels less than 8 mIU\/mL) were earmarked as potential candidates for receiving clomiphene citrate (CC) and\/or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Patients with a T to 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol (E2) ratio\u00a0&lt;\u00a010 were classified as eligible for aromatase inhibitors (AIs) therapy (e.g., anastrazole). A third sub\u2010cohort was created by combining the criteria of the first two sub\u2010cohorts. Descriptive statistics was used to detail overall characteristics and differences between the different sub\u2010cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 1,644 men, 28% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0460) had <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0300\u00a0ng\/dL and LH\u00a0&lt;\u00a08 mIU\/mL, thereby being potentially suitable for CC and\/or hCG, while 37% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0607) had a T to E2 ratio\u00a0&lt;\u00a010 thus potentially suitable for AIs. Lastly, 17.7% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0280) met the criteria for potential eligibility for both CC and\/or hCG and AIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings from this multicentric cross\u2010sectional study reveal that about 30% of men with NOA were eligible for hormonal treatment with CC and\/or hCG while 37% were found to be potential candidates for AIs, and 17% for both therapies. Therefore, these findings show that a only a small subset of NOA patients can benefit from medical therapy prior to considering any SR procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:24:39Z","timestamp":1716902679000},"page":"234-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Eligibility for the medical therapy among men with non\u2010obstructive azoospermia\u2014Findings from a multi\u2010centric cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Desai Sethi Urology Institute Miller School of Medicine University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"},{"name":"Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology (URI) IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greeshma","family":"Venigalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desai Sethi Urology Institute Miller School of Medicine University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Raymo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desai Sethi Urology Institute Miller School of Medicine University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Ila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desai Sethi Urology Institute Miller School of Medicine University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold P. 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