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The assembly and function of cilia are regulated by a complex molecular network that enables motile cilia to generate fluid flow across epithelial surfaces through coordinated beating. These motile cilia are found in the respiratory, nervous, and reproductive systems. In males, motile cilia are found in the efferent ducts and facilitate the transport of sperm from the testis to the epididymis. In females, they are mainly found in the oviducts, where they help to transport, nourish and fertilize eggs, and are also present in the endometrial epithelium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review compares the common factors that affect motile cilia in both male and female reproductive tracts, discusses the origin and development of multiciliated cell and cilia within the efferent ducts and oviducts, and enumerates the infertility or related reproductive diseases that may arise due to motile cilia defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In males, motile cilia in the efferent ducts create turbulence through their beating, which keeps semen suspended and prevents ductal obstruction. In females, motile cilia are distributed on the epithelia of the oviducts and the endometrium. Specifically, motile cilia in the infundibulum of the oviduct aid in capturing oocytes, while cilia in the isthmus region have been found to bind to sperm heads, facilitating the formation of the sperm reservoir. Several common factors, such as miR\u201034b\/c and miR\u2010449, TAp73, Gemc1, and estrogen, etc., have been shown to play crucial regulatory roles in motile cilia within the efferent ducts and oviducts, thereby further influencing fertility outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathogenic mutations that disrupt ciliary function can impair ciliogenesis or alter the structure of sperm flagella, potentially resulting in infertility. Consequently, motile cilia in both the male and female reproductive tracts are crucial for fertility. There are still numerous unresolved mysteries surrounding these cilia that merit further investigation by researchers, as they hold great significance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of infertility and related reproductive disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:29:46Z","timestamp":1738556986000},"page":"2068-2082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Motile cilia: Key developmental and functional roles in reproductive systems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuiqiao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbir.1996.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124534"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2022.102105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(04)34003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.34.1.345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb19199.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Small tubules, surprising discoveries: from efferent ductules in the turkey to the discovery that estrogen receptor alpha is essential for fertility in the male","volume":"12","author":"Hess RA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Reprod"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817018116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1994.sp003817"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Recherches anatomiques, cytologiques et histophysiologiques, sur les voies excr\u00e9tices du testicules chez les mammiferes","volume":"5","author":"Beno\u00eet J","year":"1926","journal-title":"Arch Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-021-02057-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-023-03796-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-024-03931-5"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The epithelium of the human fallopian tube. 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