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Maternal blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of per\u2010 and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalate metabolites, and triclosan. We used quantile g\u2010computation to estimate the change in semen characteristics, testicular volume, and reproductive hormone levels with 95% confidence intervals (CI) per one\u2010quartile increase in all chemicals within three chemical mixtures; an overall chemical mixture, a PFAS mixture, and a non\u2010persistent chemical mixture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fetal exposure to a one\u2010quartile increase in the overall chemical mixture was associated with 4.0\u00a0million\/mL lower sperm concentration (95% CI: \u22129.1, 1.1), 16.1 million lower total sperm count (95% CI: \u221233.8, 1.6), 0.5\u00a0mL smaller testicular volume (95% CI: \u22121.2, 0.3), 5% higher proportion of non\u2010progressive and immotile spermatozoa (95% CI: 0.99, 1.11), and 7% higher concentration of FSH (95% CI: 0.99, 1.16), but with limited precision. Effect sizes were greatest in magnitude for sperm concentration and total sperm count. We observed somewhat similar associations for the PFAS mixture and no associations for the non\u2010persistent chemical mixture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest that fetal exposure to an overall mixture of EDCs may be adversely associated with several biomarkers of male fecundity, but findings are also compatible with null associations. These associations, if true, appeared to be driven by PFAS, but misclassification due to a single measurement of the phthalate metabolites and triclosan may have attenuated the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T17:24:04Z","timestamp":1744478644000},"page":"76-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fetal exposure to a mixture of endocrine\u2010disrupting chemicals and biomarkers of male fecundity: A population\u2010based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6198-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidsel Dan","family":"Hull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin S\u00f8rig","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"National Research Center for the Working Environment  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Toft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajsa Kirstine Ugelvig","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben Meulengracht","family":"Flachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7435-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia H\u00f8st","family":"Ramlau\u2010Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyan","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Peter","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra S\u00f8gaard","family":"T\u00f8ttenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","article-title":"Reproduktionsskadende Kemiske Stoffer i Det Danske Arbejdsmilj\u00f8","author":"Hougaard KS","year":"2023","journal-title":"The National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA);"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman\u00c5 HeindelJJ JoblingS KiddKA.Thomas Zoeller R. 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