{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:29:44Z","timestamp":1784874584014,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017340","name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GDKLRSBDD202402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDKLRSBDD202402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The testicular immune microenvironment sustains homeostasis and immune privilege. However, the presence and functional significance of B cells within this specialized niche remain poorly characterized. Furthermore, the intricate crosstalk between resident immune populations and testicular stromal cells that may orchestrate the immunological and endocrine microenvironment during sexual maturation warrants systematic investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically delineate the immune cell atlas and developmental trajectory of testicular leukocytes before and after sexual maturation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An integrated analysis of leukocytes in post\u2010sexual maturity (8\u2010week\u2010old) and pre\u2010sexual maturity (2\u2010week\u2010old) mouse testes using single\u2010cell RNA sequencing (scRNA\u2010seq) and mass cytometry (CyTOF), was performed. Magnetic\u2010activated cell sorting (MACS) isolated immune subsets, followed by bioinformatics interrogation of cellular heterogeneity and ligand\u2013receptor network analysis to map intercellular communication pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Through scRNA\u2010seq clustering analysis, we resolved 18 distinct leukocyte populations (11 lymphoid and seven myeloid lineages), which were further validated and expanded to 17 phenotypically discrete subsets (eight lymphoid and nine myeloid) via high\u2010dimensional CyTOF profiling. Notably, we identified a rare but functionally significant B lymphocyte population within the testicular compartment. The myeloid compartment exhibited pronounced developmental plasticity, marked by progressive Il1b\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Macrophages diminution and regulatory T cell expansion during maturation. Cell communication network analysis revealed intensified ligand\u2013receptor cross\u2010talk between androgen\u2010producing Leydig cells and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T lymphocytes in post\u2010pubertal testes, providing mechanistic insights into age\u2010dependent immune privilege establishment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multi\u2010omics integration reveals dynamic immune remodeling during testicular maturation. These findings underscore the potential involvement of B cells in local immune surveillance while identifying maturation\u2010associated signaling axes between stromal and immune cells. This comprehensive mapping of testicular leukocyte dynamics significantly advances our understanding of reproductive immunology and lays foundation for investigating immune\u2010mediated testicular pathologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T10:50:12Z","timestamp":1749725412000},"page":"571-582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mapping the immune cells of the testis: Key insights into sexual maturation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan 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