{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:43:11Z","timestamp":1791240191943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study aimed to obtain insights into physiological responses to immunocastration in pubertal boars by evaluating effects of alternative vaccination protocols and identifying a reliable immunocastration biomarker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was hypothesized that the timing of gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (GnRH) suppression by immunocastration differentially affects reproductive function, as reflected by testicular histology and expression of selected genes related to testicular function, steroid metabolism, and Leydig cell differentiation and function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Effects of three vaccination protocols on antibody titers, testicular histomorphology, and mRNA expression in immunocastrates slaughtered 4, 8, or 12 weeks (IC\u20104, IC\u20108, and IC\u201012, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6 per group) after booster were compared with entire males (EMs;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6). Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were used to evaluate individual responses and to identify an immunocastration biomarker(s). The selected biomarker was also validated on samples from previous studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All immunocastrated boars reacted immunologically to vaccination (increased GnRH antibody titer;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.004). There was an increased nucleus\u2010to\u2010cytoplasm ratio in Leydig cells (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.033) and decreased testosterone concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.041) in IC\u20104 compared with EM, whereas values in IC\u20108 and IC\u201012 were intermediate. Hierarchical clustering differentiated immunocastrates with low testosterone (IC\u2010LT; median 0.56\u00a0ng\/mL) and high testosterone (IC\u2010HT; median 7.04\u00a0ng\/mL). In IC\u2010LT, expression levels of FSHR and ESR2 were higher than in IC\u2010HT, and those of LHCGH, STAR and INSL3 were lower compared with IC\u2010HT and EM, whereas expression of ESR1 and HSD17\u03b27 was lower in IC\u2010LT and IC\u2010HT compared with EM (fold change &gt; 1.5 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were variable responses to immunocastration in pubertal boars subjected to three vaccination protocols. Suppression of testicular function was most pronounced in boars slaughtered 4 weeks after the booster, whereas progressive recovery occurred in some boars 8 and 12 weeks after the booster. Irrespective of vaccination protocol, INSL3 mRNA expression was a reliable immunocastration biomarker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:17:05Z","timestamp":1761070625000},"page":"782-795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["INSL3 Expression in Leydig Cells is a Biomarker for Immunocastration in Boars: Transcriptional Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7198-8728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Batorek","family":"Luka\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Institute of Slovenia  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"\u0160krlep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Institute of Slovenia  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5360-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klavdija","family":"Poklukar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Institute of Slovenia  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Ferjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Stefanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Fazarinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milka","family":"Vrecl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2004.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.72114x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108003674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112000146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13122042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profoo.2015.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116000434"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309\u20101740(99)00106\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116002081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113001407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116000719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Field\u2010to\u2010Fork Pork Supply Chains in the United States and the European Union","author":"Bandekar P.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111001200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.80582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.148.11.599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes","author":"Council of the European Union","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2024.100383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-8-67"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2012.761195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"F. E. J.Harrell andC.Dupont Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous Version 5.1\u20103 2024 https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=Hmisc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.6.1629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2013.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109004844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20104320(02)00129\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-54-33"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod28.4.902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.085043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo\u2010123\u20106\u20102868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102605.2006.00714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2024.2346322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866527666200925105739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0430"}],"container-title":["Andrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.70136","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/andr.70136","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.70136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:45:27Z","timestamp":1772970327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/andr.70136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/andr.70136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.70136","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2919","2047-2927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2919","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}