{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T16:56:27Z","timestamp":1772988987075,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lichen sclerosus is a chronic, inflammatory, scarring disease of the skin that manifests mostly in the genital region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied the histomorphological characteristics, grade, and pattern of inflammation in male pediatric patients with lichen sclerosus. We also compared the expression of selected miRNAs in lichen sclerosus tissue, adjacent non\u2010lichen sclerosus tissue from the same patient, and healthy male pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the type of inflammation\/lymphocytic distribution, we categorized patients into four groups with the following features: (i) dominant lichenoid basal superficial inflammation, (ii) dominant band\u2010like lymphocytic infiltration in the papillary sublayer of the dermis, (iii) mixed lymphocytic inflammation combining both patterns, and (iv) lymphocytic depletion with extensive fibrosis. The extent of inflammation was graded, with patients being categorized into weak, moderate, and strong inflammation groups. In terms of miRNA expression, hsa\u2010miR\u2010146a\u20105p, hsa\u2010miR\u2010146b\u20105p, hsa\u2010miR\u2010150\u20105p, and hsa\u2010miR\u2010155\u20105p were significantly upregulated, and hsa\u2010miR\u2010199b\u20105p and hsa\u2010miR\u2010200b\u20103p were significantly downregulated in lichen sclerosus tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue as well as normal tissue from male pediatric non\u2010lichen sclerosus patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Hsa\u2010miR\u201030b\u20105p was significantly downregulated in lichen sclerosus patients compared with male pediatric non\u2010lichen sclerosus patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Pediatric male lichen sclerosus patients were categorized into two groups according to median age (\u22649 years vs. &gt;9 years); the early onset prepubertal patients presented, on average, a higher grade of inflammation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.020) and significantly higher miRNA hsa\u2010miR\u2010150\u20105p (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.049) expression compared to the older group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histopathological investigations can distinguish lichen sclerosus patient groups with different extents of disease. miRNAs could serve as candidate diagnostic markers for lichen sclerosus in pediatric male patients and may represent future therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  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