{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:10:08Z","timestamp":1789996208056,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histological evaluation of testicular tissue is central to the assessment of infertile men, particularly those at an increased risk of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). Traditionally, testicular biopsies have been used primarily for diagnostic purposes, such as the detection of germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). With advances in assisted reproductive technologies, testicular biopsies may also serve a therapeutic role, including testicular sperm extraction (TESE or microsurgical TESE) in men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide clinical practice guidelines on the indications for testicular biopsies for diagnostic and combined therapeutic\u2013diagnostic purposes, including surgical aspects, tissue preparation and staining, and interpretation of histological findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence\u2010based recommendations were developed following a systematic literature search of English\u2010language publications and graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The suggestions and recommendations were thoroughly discussed by the guidelines\u2019 authors, who are experienced in testicular biopsies in a clinical andrology setting. Subsequently, the guidelines were approved by the Directors of 29 andrological centers accredited by the European Academy of Andrology (EAA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 34 recommendations were formulated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testicular biopsies remain an essential tool for both the diagnostic evaluation of men at risk of TGCT and therapeutic sperm retrieval in NOA. Careful patient selection, appropriate preoperative evaluation, and follow\u2010up of reproductive hormones are crucial to optimize outcomes and minimize risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:03:48Z","timestamp":1784534628000},"page":"1906-1928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testicular Biopsies in Adolescent and Adult Andrological Patients: The EAA Clinical Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7885-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise","family":"Aksglaede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC)  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Rajpert\u2010De Meyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC)  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davor","family":"Jezek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Department for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, Reproductive Tissue Biobank, University Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Algaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Fundaci\u00f2 Puigvert Autonoma University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Dohle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Men's Health Andros Clinics Rijswijk  Rijswijk the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Slowikowska\u2010Hilczer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology Medical University of Lodz  Lodz 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