{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:45:50Z","timestamp":1792035950708,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review synthesizes current experimental and clinical evidence regarding the effects of psychostimulants, including cocaine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, nicotine, and caffeine, on male reproductive function. The primary focus is on the mechanisms by which these substances disrupt spermatogenesis via hormonal, cellular, oxidative, and epigenetic pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative synthesis of recent literature was conducted, integrating findings from animal models, human observational studies, imaging data, and mechanistic research. The review incorporates studies assessing endocrine parameters, testicular histology, sperm quality, oxidative stress markers, and emerging epigenetic profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychostimulants consistently disrupt the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis, lower testosterone levels, and compromise the function of both Leydig and Sertoli cells. Animal models develop seminiferous tubule atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species, and disruption of the blood\u2013testis barrier. Human neuroimaging and post\u2010mortem findings support testicular size reduction and abnormal architecture. Sperm analyses show decreased concentration and motility, abnormal morphology, enhanced DNA fragmentation, and reduced mitochondrial activity. Co\u2010exposures\u2010alcohol, cannabis, and antidepressants\u2010add stress and adolescent use, further increasing toxicity. There is emerging evidence of persistent epigenetic changes, with possible transgenerational effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Available data support the fact that therapeutic abuse or recreational use of psychostimulants may severely impair male fertility through endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, testicular degeneration, and epigenetic changes. In light of increasing worldwide consumption among reproductive\u2010age men, appropriate counseling, hormonal, and semen monitoring, as well as prevention measures, are urgently required. Further research should establish dose thresholds, reversibility of the effects, and, finally, long\u2010term reproductive consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:24:40Z","timestamp":1786544680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Psychostimulant Exposure on Male Fertility and Spermatogenic Function"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Ana Clara Melo de Andrade","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Biology Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro  MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4397-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos de Lucca Moreira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Biology Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro  MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6530-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Carolina Ribeiro","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del Rei \u2013 R. Padre Jo\u00e3o P\u00edmentel  MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958\u2010023\u201001098\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202503.1459.v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094\u2010020\u201002257\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404\u2010020\u201005938\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210\u2010025\u201004311\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1508732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14081072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2025.101043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v23i2.18487"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Changes of FSH and LH Receptors Expressions in Rat Testis After Methamphetamine Exposure","volume":"43","author":"Kaewman P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32300-4","volume-title":"Male Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART and Antioxidants","author":"Parekattil SJ","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032\u2010023\u201001449\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2025.2471383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP\u201024\u20100369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.911489"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.070961"}],"container-title":["Andrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.70312","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/andr.70312","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.70312","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:24:41Z","timestamp":1786544681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/andr.70312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/andr.70312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.70312","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2919","2047-2927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2919","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"andr.70312"}}