{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:02:45Z","timestamp":1789988565794,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mammalian sperm head morphology varies across species and dictates fertilization capability. Rodent sperm have asymmetric, hook\u2010shaped heads, complicating analysis. Despite widespread biomedical use, current tools poorly characterize these complex variations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to establish a robust framework for the precise, noninvasive, and quantitative analysis of mouse sperm morphology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed ADAM\u2010net (Anomaly\u2010aware Deep\u2010learning Architecture for Morphology), a machine\u2010learning system for mouse sperm head and neck structures. Integrating a dataset preparation module, ResNet\u201018, and additional layers, it features two variants: ADAM\u2010net\u2010FL for fluorescence (FL) and ADAM\u2010net\u2010BF for bright\u2010field (BF) images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ADAM\u2010net\u2010BF enables simultaneous analysis of the head and neck using noninvasively acquired BF images. Atypical head shapes were frequently associated with a neck in which the tail is attached perpendicular to the head axis, revealing a specific relationship between head shape and tail attachment pattern. Additionally, ADAM\u2010net provided novel quantitative insights into testicular germ cell\u2010specific HSF2\u2010interacting lncRNA (\n                      <jats:italic>Teshl<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2010knockout sperm defects, supporting its utility for mouse sperm morphology analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADAM\u2010net provides a standard and facile tool that will have applications in various reproductive studies, extending to the exploration of subtle structural dynamics such as the sperm head\u2013tail alignment.<\/jats:p>\n                  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