{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:25Z","timestamp":1789027645483,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2705604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2705604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whether sperm source influences intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes in men with obstructive azoospermia (OA) remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare embryological, clinical, and neonatal outcomes of ICSI using percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA)\u2010 versus testicular sperm aspiration (TESA)\u2010derived sperm in men with OA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This single\u2010center retrospective cohort study enrolled a total of 1368 ICSI cycles from couples diagnosed with OA at a tertiary reproductive medical center between January 2015 and August 2022. Embryological outcomes were analyzed in 1368 ICSI cycles (PESA,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0516; TESA,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0852). Clinical outcomes were evaluated in 869 fresh day\u20103 cleavage\u2010stage embryo transfer cycles (PESA,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0399; TESA,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0470). Neonatal outcomes were assessed among 262 singleton live births following fresh day\u20103 embryo transfer (PESA,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0128; TESA,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0134). Multivariable regression models were used to adjust for prespecified covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In adjusted analyses, TESA (vs. PESA) was associated with a lower 2\u2010pronuclear (2PN) fertilization rate (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.010) and a lower usable embryo rate (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.12,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). In the fresh day\u20103 transfer cohort, sperm source was not significantly associated with clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, or live birth per transfer (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). Among singleton live births, TESA was associated with lower birth weight (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u2212209.01\u00a0g,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and lower odds of large for gestational age (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03), whereas gestational age, preterm birth, and small for gestational age were similar between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PESA was associated with better early embryological outcomes, but these differences did not translate into improved clinical pregnancy or live birth rates. Differences in neonatal growth were also observed, which remain to be further verified in subsequent studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In men with OA undergoing ICSI and PESA\u2010 and TESA\u2010derived sperm showed distinct embryological and neonatal growth characteristics, which merits clinical attention. The choice between PESA and TESA should therefore be individualized according to the clinical context and patient\u2010specific considerations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:23:10Z","timestamp":1789024990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epididymal Versus Testicular Sperm for ICSI in Obstructive Azoospermia: Embryological, Clinical, and Neonatal Outcomes in a Retrospective Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8415-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9279-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingqing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8633-8859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengli","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiulian","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0600-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinjie","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital)  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies For Population Quality  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/1518\u20100557.20240092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.3.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.02.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.05018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.01.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.11.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255\u2010022\u201003350\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_58_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815\u2010020\u201001940\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2019.62.6.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201062102\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.5255"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(14)60932\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2024.101321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA118.000946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100412.2012.01412.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/5.9.831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1472\u20106483(10)60922\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad7977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE\u201016\u20100185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1068408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16090994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643\u2010025\u201003021\u20109"}],"container-title":["Andrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.70388","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/andr.70388","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/andr.70388","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:23:12Z","timestamp":1789024992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/andr.70388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/andr.70388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.70388","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2919","2047-2927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2919","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"andr.70388"}}