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Limited and highly variable access to human testicular tissue restricts translational research. Testicular organoids (TOs), self\u2010organizing assemblies of germ and somatic cells within biomimetic scaffolds, microfluidic chips, or bioprinted constructs, can reproduce seminiferous cord\/tubule\u2010like organization, elements of the blood\u2013testis barrier and steroidogenic function, and increasingly support germ\u2010cell progression. By integrating defined media, matrix cues, and controlled microenvironments, TO platforms enable mechanism\u2010driven studies and human\u2010relevant new approach methodologies for toxicology, disease modeling, and fertility\u2010preservation research. This, in turn, supports endocrine and reprotoxicology testing, disease modeling, and prepubertal fertility\u2010preservation strategies. Broad and responsible adoption will require clinically concordant read\u2010outs, stable long\u2010term cultures, reproducible and complete human spermatogenesis, and a robust ethical framework. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate TO systems, spanning cell sources, biomaterials, and microenvironmental control to functional read\u2010outs of morphogenesis, steroidogenesis, and germ\u2010cell progression. By synthesizing recent advances, we clarify mechanistic determinants of organoid performance and outline their translational implications for male infertility research, toxicology, and fertility\u2010preservation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:15:48Z","timestamp":1790392548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Cell Clusters to Complexity: Testicular Organoids as Emerging Platforms in Male Reproductive Research and Biotechnological Innovation"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3931-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Gorgulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology Akdeniz University School of Medicine  Antalya Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Histology and 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