{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:51:12Z","timestamp":1791287472042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seminal fluid contains a low\u2010biomass microbial community that may influence male reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes, but its biological and clinical significance remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To critically synthesise evidence linking seminal microbiota with sperm quality, reproductive tract inflammation, natural conception, and assisted reproductive technology outcomes, and to evaluate proposed mechanisms and clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review integrates human observational studies with relevant in vitro, animal, and female reproductive tract evidence, with particular attention to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, low\u2010biomass contamination, and methodological heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genus\u2010enriched and compositionally distinct seminal profiles have been reported, but no reproducible community types have been established across populations. Lactobacillus\u2010enriched profiles are associated with favourable semen parameters in some cohorts, whereas infection\u2010associated or opportunistic taxa are more often linked to impaired semen characteristics. Proposed pathways include immune activation, oxidative stress, spermmicrobe interactions, and guttestis signalling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence remains predominantly observational and heterogeneous, with limited direct mechanistic validation and sparse longitudinal data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standardised, contamination\u2010aware studies with independent validation are needed. Current evidence does not support routine seminal microbiome testing or microbiota\u2010directed interventions in infertility care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:58:13Z","timestamp":1791284293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seminal Microbiota and Pregnancy Outcomes: Mechanistic Insights, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1810-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou 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