{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:01:50Z","timestamp":1779915710606,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]],"date-time":"2017-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]],"date-time":"2017-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005302","name":"Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T16:03:40Z","timestamp":1495728220000},"page":"606-616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Viruses and endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: From correlation to causation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1480-390X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.-F. A.","family":"Mentis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece"},{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University, AAP; Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Dardiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Grigoriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology; B\u2019 Department of Neurology; AHEPA University Hospital; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Petinaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Hadjigeorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Larissa; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0001|ane12775-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.042","article-title":"Animal models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"759","author":"Procaccini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0002|ane12775-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1287656","article-title":"Evidence for viral etiology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Tselis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0003|ane12775-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Belbasis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0004|ane12775-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dendrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0005|ane12775-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12798","article-title":"A basic overview of multiple sclerosis immunopathology","volume":"22","author":"Grigoriadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0006|ane12775-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020","article-title":"Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences","volume":"160","author":"Brodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0007|ane12775-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","article-title":"Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0008|ane12775-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08990","article-title":"Genome, epigenome and RNA sequences of monozygotic twins discordant for multiple sclerosis","volume":"464","author":"Baranzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0009|ane12775-cit-0009","first-page":"214763","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"2011","author":"Sotelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0010|ane12775-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00313-0","article-title":"The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 2: CD8+ T cells, B cells, and antibodies in the focus of reverse-translational research","volume":"15","author":"Hohlfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0011|ane12775-cit-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.06.003","article-title":"EAE is not a useful model for demyelinating disease","volume":"3","author":"Behan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0012|ane12775-cit-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522730113","article-title":"Distinct oligoclonal band antibodies in multiple sclerosis recognize ubiquitous self-proteins","volume":"113","author":"Brandle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0013|ane12775-cit-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00007-8","article-title":"Infections and multiple sclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0014|ane12775-cit-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/540S4a","article-title":"Aetiology: neighbourhood watch","volume":"540","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0015|ane12775-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007638","article-title":"IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, and varicella zoster virus predict conversion to multiple sclerosis in clinically isolated syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0016|ane12775-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1740-2557-3-1","article-title":"Virus-mediated autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Grigoriadis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0017|ane12775-cit-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.82","article-title":"Saffold cardiovirus and multiple sclerosis: no evidence for an association","volume":"1","author":"Galama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0018|ane12775-cit-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00848","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00848-14","article-title":"Mycovirus-like DNA virus sequences from cattle serum and human brain and serum samples from multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"2","author":"Lamberto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0019|ane12775-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513506505","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus is a necessary causative agent in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: yes","volume":"19","author":"Pakpoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0020|ane12775-cit-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513507625","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus is a necessary causative agent in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: no","volume":"19","author":"Salzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0021|ane12775-cit-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.11.006","article-title":"EAE: imperfect but useful models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"\u2018t Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0022|ane12775-cit-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.013","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. From evidence to therapeutic strategies","volume":"361","author":"Fernandez-Menendez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0023|ane12775-cit-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr197","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus in the multiple sclerosis brain: a controversial issue-report on a focused workshop held in the Centre for Brain Research of the Medical University of Vienna, Austria","volume":"134","author":"Lassmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0024|ane12775-cit-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.13.6","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: association or causation?","volume":"13","author":"Pakpoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0025|ane12775-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.03.020","article-title":"Factors associated with onset, relapses or progression in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","author":"Mckay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0026|ane12775-cit-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817238","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/817238","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the onset of relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"2015","author":"McKay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0027|ane12775-cit-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061110","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the sero-epidemiological association between Epstein Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Almohmeed","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0028|ane12775-cit-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002457","article-title":"Evidence of genetic susceptibility to infectious mononucleosis: a twin study","volume":"140","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0029|ane12775-cit-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12986","article-title":"Vitamin D, HLA-DRB1 and Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels in a prospective cohort of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"23","author":"Wergeland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0030|ane12775-cit-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147567","article-title":"Identifying patient-specific Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 genetic variation and potential autoreactive targets relevant to multiple sclerosis pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Tschochner","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0031|ane12775-cit-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18083","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18083","article-title":"A meta-analysis of interaction between Epstein-Barr virus and HLA-DRB1*1501 on risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0032|ane12775-cit-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513483888","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and vitamin D in prospective multiple sclerosis biobank samples","volume":"19","author":"Salzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0033|ane12775-cit-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.060","article-title":"Association between human herpesvirus & human endogenous retrovirus and MS onset & progression","volume":"372","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0034|ane12775-cit-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513507820","article-title":"The interaction between smoking and Epstein-Barr virus as multiple sclerosis risk factors may depend on age","volume":"20","author":"Salzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0035|ane12775-cit-0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516671028","article-title":"Negative interaction between smoking and EBV in the risk of multiple sclerosis: the EnvIMS study","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0036|ane12775-cit-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511408991","article-title":"Anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies as serological markers of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study among United States military personnel","volume":"17","author":"Munger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0037|ane12775-cit-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-015-0437-7","article-title":"EBV and vitamin D status in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with a unique cytokine signature","volume":"205","author":"Nejati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0038|ane12775-cit-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119605","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119605","article-title":"EBNA2 binds to genomic intervals associated with multiple sclerosis and overlaps with vitamin D receptor occupancy","volume":"10","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0039|ane12775-cit-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12417","article-title":"Antivirus immune activity in multiple sclerosis correlates with MRI activity","volume":"133","author":"Latham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0040|ane12775-cit-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514533843","article-title":"Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus and MRI disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Kvistad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0041|ane12775-cit-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003220","article-title":"Increased CD8+ T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus lytic antigens in the active phase of multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Angelini","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0042|ane12775-cit-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201444662","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing of TCR repertoires in multiple sclerosis reveals intrathecal enrichment of EBV-reactive CD8+ T cells","volume":"44","author":"Lossius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0043|ane12775-cit-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600124","article-title":"Lymphocryptovirus infection of nonhuman primate B cells converts destructive into productive processing of the pathogenic CD8 T cell epitope in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"197","author":"Jagessar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0044|ane12775-cit-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2014.25","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: potential opportunities for immunotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Pender","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0045|ane12775-cit-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pii: E51","DOI":"10.3390\/v8020051","article-title":"Infectious mononucleosis triggers generation of IgG auto-antibodies against native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"8","author":"Kakalacheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0046|ane12775-cit-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31827bfc62","article-title":"B-cell enrichment and Epstein-Barr virus infection in inflammatory cortical lesions in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0047|ane12775-cit-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.10.007","article-title":"EBV infection and multiple sclerosis: lessons from a marmoset model","volume":"22","author":"Thart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0048|ane12775-cit-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab1785","article-title":"Somatic mutation in single human neurons tracks developmental and transcriptional history","volume":"350","author":"Lodato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0049|ane12775-cit-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511411063","article-title":"High frequency of co-infection by Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Santon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0050|ane12775-cit-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512448109","article-title":"Trigger, pathogen, or bystander: the complex nexus linking Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Owens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0051|ane12775-cit-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13995","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13995","article-title":"Latent virus infection upregulates CD40 expression facilitating enhanced autoimmunity in a model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Casiraghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0052|ane12775-cit-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M115.051664","article-title":"High-density peptide microarray analysis of IgG autoantibody reactivities in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"15","author":"Hecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0053|ane12775-cit-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001939","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001939","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus: the path from association to causality for a ubiquitous human pathogen","volume":"12","author":"Sugden","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0054|ane12775-cit-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv364","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies reveals genetic overlap between Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Khankhanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0055|ane12775-cit-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01844","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01844-15","article-title":"Gammaherpesvirus infection of human neuronal cells","volume":"6","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0056|ane12775-cit-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515626598","article-title":"Genetic loci for Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 are associated with risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0057|ane12775-cit-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.09.016","article-title":"Evidence linking HHV-6 with multiple sclerosis: an update","volume":"9","author":"Leibovitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0058|ane12775-cit-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507086425","article-title":"Herpesviruses and human endogenous retroviral sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"14","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Lafuente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0059|ane12775-cit-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12268","article-title":"EBV & HHV6 reactivation is infrequent and not associated with MS clinical course","volume":"130","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0060|ane12775-cit-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.09.001","article-title":"Herpesvirus active replication in multiple sclerosis: a genetic control?","volume":"311","author":"Garcia-Montojo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0061|ane12775-cit-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.05.019","article-title":"HHV-6A infection induces expression of HERV-K18-encoded superantigen","volume":"46","author":"Tai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0062|ane12775-cit-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-015-0166-z","article-title":"Treatment against human endogenous retrovirus: a possible personalized medicine approach for multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Curtin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0063|ane12775-cit-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003138","article-title":"Novel marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model of human Herpesvirus 6A and 6B infections: immunologic, virologic and radiologic characterization","volume":"9","author":"Leibovitch","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0064|ane12775-cit-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13734","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105143108","article-title":"Human herpesvirus-6 entry into the central nervous system through the olfactory pathway","volume":"108","author":"Harberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0065|ane12775-cit-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867389","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/867389","article-title":"Possible role of human herpesvirus 6 as a trigger of autoimmune disease","volume":"2013","author":"Broccolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0066|ane12775-cit-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48070","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10127","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing of neurologic diseases associated genes in HHV-6A infected human astrocyte","volume":"7","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0067|ane12775-cit-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12224","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus encephalomyelitis with a prominent demyelinating component","volume":"35","author":"Berth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0068|ane12775-cit-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9367-2","article-title":"A population-based case-control study on viral infections and vaccinations and subsequent multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"24","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0069|ane12775-cit-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.07.007","article-title":"Association of a history of varicella virus infection with multiple sclerosis","volume":"111","author":"Rodriguez-Violante","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0070|ane12775-cit-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir239","article-title":"Increased risk of multiple sclerosis following herpes zoster: a nationwide, population-based study","volume":"204","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0071|ane12775-cit-0071","first-page":"e34158","article-title":"The high prevalence of the varicella zoster virus in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in the north of Iran","volume":"9","author":"Najafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0072|ane12775-cit-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095367","article-title":"Genetic and infectious profiles influence cerebrospinal fluid IgG abnormality in Japanese multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"9","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0073|ane12775-cit-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0402-x","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus at relapses of multiple sclerosis","volume":"254","author":"Sotelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0074|ane12775-cit-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20777","article-title":"Increased prevalence of varicella zoster virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Mancuso","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0075|ane12775-cit-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21605","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus is not a disease-relevant antigen in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Burgoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0076|ane12775-cit-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.10.027","article-title":"Low prevalence of human herpesvirus-6 and varicella zoster virus in blood of multiple sclerosis patients, irrespective of inflammatory status or disease progression","volume":"21","author":"Hon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0077|ane12775-cit-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21764","article-title":"Detection of viral DNA sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Mancuso","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0078|ane12775-cit-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21316","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus in cerebrospinal fluid at relapses of multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Sotelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0079|ane12775-cit-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.12.020","article-title":"The participation of varicella zoster virus in relapses of multiple sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Sotelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0080|ane12775-cit-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.04.018","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis","volume":"112","author":"Ordo\u00f1ez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0081|ane12775-cit-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-3","article-title":"The fraction of varicella zoster virus-specific antibodies among all intrathecally-produced antibodies discriminates between patients with varicella zoster virus reactivation and multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Otto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0082|ane12775-cit-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.07.001","article-title":"On the viral hypothesis of multiple sclerosis: participation of varicella-zoster virus","volume":"262","author":"Sotelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0083|ane12775-cit-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-214555","article-title":"Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA during medullary and brainstem relapses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2016","author":"Torkildsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0084|ane12775-cit-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.04.003","article-title":"Activation of endogenous retrovirus reverse transcriptase in multiple sclerosis patient lymphocytes by inactivated HSV-1, HHV-6 and VZV","volume":"187","author":"Brudek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0085|ane12775-cit-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-111","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis-new pieces to the puzzle","volume":"13","author":"Nissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0086|ane12775-cit-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2015.02.002","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis retrovirus-like envelope gene: role of the chromosome 20 insertion","volume":"3","author":"Varade","year":"2015","journal-title":"BBA Clin"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0087|ane12775-cit-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802448451","article-title":"The multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and its HERV-W endogenous family: a biological interface between virology, genetics, and immunology in human physiology and disease","volume":"15","author":"Dolei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0088|ane12775-cit-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1947-6","article-title":"Molecular functions of human endogenous retroviruses in health and disease","volume":"72","author":"Suntsova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0089|ane12775-cit-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-016-4004-0","article-title":"A survey of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences in the vicinity of multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)","volume":"43","author":"Brutting","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0090|ane12775-cit-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016652","article-title":"The etiology of multiple sclerosis: genetic evidence for the involvement of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-Fc1","volume":"6","author":"Nexo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0091|ane12775-cit-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090182","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-Fc1 association with multiple sclerosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Hera","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0092|ane12775-cit-0092","first-page":"RA80","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses_Auto-immune disease","volume":"18","author":"Brodziak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0093|ane12775-cit-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5497","article-title":"Regulatory evolution of innate immunity through co-option of endogenous retroviruses","volume":"351","author":"Chuong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0094|ane12775-cit-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00647","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis between genetics and infections: human endogenous retroviruses in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Morandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0095|ane12775-cit-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.04.006","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus W in brain lesions: rationale for targeted therapy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Horssen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0096|ane12775-cit-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512441381","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope expression in blood and brain cells provides new insights into multiple sclerosis disease","volume":"18","author":"Perron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0097|ane12775-cit-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.1253","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of human endogenous retrovirus-W env in neuroinflammatory diseases","volume":"22","author":"Antony","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0098|ane12775-cit-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-104","article-title":"B cells and monocytes from patients with active multiple sclerosis exhibit increased surface expression of both HERV-H Env and HERV-W Env, accompanied by increased seroreactivity","volume":"6","author":"Brudek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0099|ane12775-cit-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxv025","article-title":"Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to a human endogenous retrovirus associated with multiple sclerosis is mediated by TLR4","volume":"27","author":"Duperray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0100|ane12775-cit-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.12.006","article-title":"MSRV envelope protein is a potent, endogenous and pathogenic agonist of human toll-like receptor 4: relevance of GNbAC1 in multiple sclerosis treatment","volume":"291","author":"Madeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0101|ane12775-cit-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.1210","article-title":"The human endogenous retrovirus envelope glycoprotein, syncytin-1, regulates neuroinflammation and its receptor expression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"179","author":"Antony","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0102|ane12775-cit-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080128","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus protein activates innate immunity and promotes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Perron","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0103|ane12775-cit-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03628-13","article-title":"Transcriptional derepression of the ERVWE1 locus following influenza A virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0104|ane12775-cit-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044991","article-title":"Expression and activation by Epstein Barr virus of human endogenous retroviruses-W in blood cells and astrocytes: inference for multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Mameli","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0105|ane12775-cit-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39795","article-title":"Expression of long interspersed nuclear element 1 retroelements and induction of type I interferon in patients with systemic autoimmune disease","volume":"68","author":"Mavragani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0106|ane12775-cit-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13837","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02388-13","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of human endogenous retrovirus group HERV-W locus transcription in multiple sclerosis brain lesions by high-throughput amplicon sequencing","volume":"87","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0107|ane12775-cit-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-37","article-title":"Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences","volume":"6","author":"Laufer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0108|ane12775-cit-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0196","article-title":"HERV-K113 is not associated with multiple sclerosis in a large family-based study","volume":"24","author":"Moyes","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0109|ane12775-cit-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00172","article-title":"Genomic analysis of ERVWE2 locus in patients with multiple sclerosis: absence of genetic association but potential role of human endogenous retrovirus type W elements in molecular mimicry with myelin antigen","volume":"4","author":"Do Olival","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0110|ane12775-cit-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000477","article-title":"HIV Tat acts on endogenous retroviruses of the W family and this occurs via Toll-like receptor 4: inference for neuroAIDS","volume":"28","author":"Uleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0111|ane12775-cit-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12486","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses in neurologic disease","volume":"124","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0112|ane12775-cit-0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0335-1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and HIV-1 infection: case report of a HIV controller","volume":"21","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0113|ane12775-cit-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0260-8","article-title":"CNS demyelinating disorder with mixed features of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in HIV-1 infection. Case report and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Delgado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0114|ane12775-cit-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307932","article-title":"HIV and lower risk of multiple sclerosis: beginning to unravel a mystery using a record-linked database study","volume":"86","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0115|ane12775-cit-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308297","article-title":"Does antiretroviral therapy for HIV reduce the risk of developing multiple sclerosis?","volume":"86","author":"Kop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0116|ane12775-cit-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.11.002","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus: a culprit or protector in multiple sclerosis?","volume":"21","author":"Vanheusden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0117|ane12775-cit-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6912-4","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"260","author":"Pakpoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0118|ane12775-cit-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513494489","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is negatively associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0119|ane12775-cit-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/v8040105","article-title":"The correlation between the virus- and brain antigen-specific B cell response in the blood of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Wunsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0120|ane12775-cit-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1179\/016164106X98134","article-title":"Positivity of cytomegalovirus antibodies predicts a better clinical and radiological outcome in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"28","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0121|ane12775-cit-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515601215","article-title":"Adaptive natural killer cell response to cytomegalovirus and disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Martinez-Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0122|ane12775-cit-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032767","article-title":"CMV infection attenuates the disease course in a murine model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Pirko","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0123|ane12775-cit-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01131.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis incidence in the era of measles-mumps-rubella mass vaccinations","volume":"119","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0124|ane12775-cit-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.526","article-title":"Involvement of morbilliviruses in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease","volume":"17","author":"Sips","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0125|ane12775-cit-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8360-4","article-title":"The MRZ reaction as a highly specific marker of multiple sclerosis: re-evaluation and structured review of the literature","volume":"264","author":"Jarius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0126|ane12775-cit-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5296-y","article-title":"Intrathecal antibody production against Epstein-Barr and other neurotropic viruses in pediatric and adult onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"257","author":"Pohl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0127|ane12775-cit-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028094","article-title":"Measles IgG antibody index correlates with T2 lesion load on MRI in patients with early multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Rosche","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0128|ane12775-cit-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.03.014","article-title":"Serum and CSF measles antibody levels increase over time in patients with multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome","volume":"247","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0129|ane12775-cit-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.09.023","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper","volume":"127","author":"Beineke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0130|ane12775-cit-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.3390\/v6072571","article-title":"New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis","volume":"6","author":"Lempp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0131|ane12775-cit-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53488-0.00033-X","article-title":"Diseases of the central nervous system caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and other arenaviruses","volume":"123","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0132|ane12775-cit-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.07.041","article-title":"Peptide motif analysis predicts lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as trigger for multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Hogeboom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0133|ane12775-cit-0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.11.018","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of CNS glial cells results in TLR2-MyD88\/Mal-dependent inflammatory responses","volume":"194","author":"Shenghua","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0134|ane12775-cit-0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002462","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002462","article-title":"CNS recruitment of CD8+ T lymphocytes specific for a peripheral virus infection triggers neuropathogenesis during polymicrobial challenge","volume":"7","author":"Matullo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0135|ane12775-cit-0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9896","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01501-15","article-title":"Brain invasion by mouse hepatitis virus depends on impairment of tight junctions and beta interferon production in brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"89","author":"Bleau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0136|ane12775-cit-0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1777-0_6","article-title":"Neuroinvasive and neurotropic human respiratory coronaviruses: potential neurovirulent agents in humans","volume":"807","author":"Desforges","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0137|ane12775-cit-0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0426-1","article-title":"Self-reactive CD4(+) T cells activated during viral-induced demyelination do not prevent clinical recovery","volume":"12","author":"Savarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0138|ane12775-cit-0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805968105","article-title":"Identification of cardioviruses related to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in human infections","volume":"105","author":"Chiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0139|ane12775-cit-0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000416","article-title":"Saffold virus, a human Theiler's-like cardiovirus, is ubiquitous and causes infection early in life","volume":"5","author":"Zoll","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0140|ane12775-cit-0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0350","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 6 infection as a trigger of multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Voumvourakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0141|ane12775-cit-0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.177","article-title":"Consensus statement: virus taxonomy in the age of metagenomics","volume":"15","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Micro"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0142|ane12775-cit-0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.008","article-title":"Epigenetics and genetics of viral latency","volume":"19","author":"Lieberman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0143|ane12775-cit-0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.08.016","article-title":"The increased antibody response to Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis is restricted to selected virus proteins","volume":"299","author":"Dooley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0144|ane12775-cit-0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600614973","article-title":"Regulation of human endogenous retrovirus W protein expression by herpes simplex virus type 1: implications for multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Ruprecht","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0145|ane12775-cit-0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0580-9","article-title":"Two endogenous retroviral loci appear to contribute to multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Nexo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0146|ane12775-cit-0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-009-8170-x","article-title":"The human endogenous retrovirus link between genes and environment in multiple sclerosis and in multifactorial diseases associating neuroinflammation","volume":"39","author":"Perron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ane.12775-BIB0147|ane12775-cit-0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508094641","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus-K18 Env as a risk factor in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Tai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult Scler"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fane.12775","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1111\/ane.12775\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T20:10:46Z","timestamp":1750277446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ane.12775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.12775","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6314","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]]}}}