{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:27:38Z","timestamp":1763036858429},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Noninvasive Electrocardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We will focus our attention in this article in the ECG changes of classical Prinzmetal angina that occur during occlusive proximal coronary spasm usually in patients with normal or noncritical coronary stenosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most important ECG change during a focal proximal coronary spasm is in around 50% of cases the appearance of peaked and symmetrical T wave that is followed, if the spasm persist, by progressive ST\u2010segment elevation that last for a few minutes, and later progressively resolve. The most frequent ECG changes associated with ST\u2010segment elevation are: (a) increased height of the R wave, (b) coincident S\u2010wave diminution, (c) upsloping TQ in many cases, and (d) alternans of the elevated ST\u2010segment and negative T wave deepness in 20% of cases.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The presence of arrhythmias is very frequent during Prinzmetal angina crises, especially ventricular arrhythmias. The prevalence and importance of ventricular arrhythmias were related to: (a) duration of episodes, (b) degree of ST\u2010segment elevation, (c) presence of ST\u2013T wave alternans, and (d) the presence of &gt;25% increase of the R wave.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of Prinzmetal angina is much lower then 50 years ago for many reasons including treatment with calcium channel blocks to treat hypertension and ischemia heart disease and the decrease of smoking habits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T05:52:25Z","timestamp":1411969945000},"page":"442-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Prinzmetal Angina: ECG Changes and Clinical Considerations: A Consensus Paper"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Antonio Bay\u00e9s","family":"de Luna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center CSIC\u2010ICCC  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Cygankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Sterling Regional Center for Heart Disease Medical University of Lodz  Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Baranchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing Kingston General Hospital Queen's University  Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Fiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronary Care Unit, IdISPa, Son Espases Hospital Palma de Mallorca  Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yochai","family":"Birnbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Section of Cardiology The Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjell","family":"Nikus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Hospital Tampere University Hospital, and University of Tampere  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Goldwasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center CSIC\u2010ICCC  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Garcia\u2010Niebla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanitary Health Services, E1 Hierro Valle del Golfo Health Center  Canary Islands Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Sclarovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel\u2010Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv  Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"Wellens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center  Maastrich The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Breithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Department (AFNET) Clinical University Institute M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90003-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(83)90062-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(85)80051-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199205283262202"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"755","article-title":"Coronary artery spasms with normal coronary arteries as the cause of recurrent ventricular fibrillations","volume":"111","author":"Hess OM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Recurrent ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Prinzmetal angina pectoris\u2014case report","volume":"56","author":"Hoffmann A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","unstructured":"MaseriA.Ischemic Heart Disease.New York Churchill\u2010Livingstone 1996p.713."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","unstructured":"BraunwaldE.Heart Disease: A Text Book of Cardiovascular Medicine 1340.Sauridens Co. 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