{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T19:23:46Z","timestamp":1788809026856,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]],"date-time":"2014-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGM<\/jats:styled-content>) is a rare benign breast disease, which can be protracted, disfiguring and may be linked to an underlying autoimmune disorder. The clinical presentation may mimic bacterial mastitis or carcinoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the mode of presentation, diagnosis, management, resolution and incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGM<\/jats:styled-content> in three tertiary breast centres and propose guidelines for management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The breast and anatomical databases of three centres were reviewed from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>anuary 2000 to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ecember 2013 to identify patients with histological diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGM<\/jats:styled-content>. Clinical and demographic characteristics were retrieved and treatment modalities and time to resolution were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen patients were identified with a median age of 40. The majority of patients were premenopausal, multiparous and presented with a mass. All patients had initial treatment as infectious mastitis. The diagnosis was made by core biopsy in 71%. Eleven patients required immunosuppressive treatment with steroids and four of these patients required a steroid\u2010sparing agent because of steroidal side effects, recurrence or persistence of symptoms. The median time to resolution was 3 months (0\u201324 months). One patient had subsequent systemic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>egener's granulomatosis diagnosed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Idiopathic granulomatosis mastitis requires histological confirmation, close monitoring, exclusion of underlying systemic autoimmune conditions and judicious use of steroids and steroid\u2010sparing agents such as methotrexate. It has a protracted course with some patients relapsing quickly upon cessation of steroids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]],"date-time":"2014-11-26T06:27:29Z","timestamp":1416983249000},"page":"979-982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a medical or surgical disease of the breast?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Skandarajah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery The Royal Melbourne Hospital The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Combined Breast Service The Royal Melbourne and Women's Hospitals  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Marley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery The Royal Melbourne Hospital The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/brst.1999.0072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9776(03)00032-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4048\/jbc.2012.15.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/58.6.642"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2011.01162.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.683075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0476-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2012.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2006.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-011-0046-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/148727"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-009-4292-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12263"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-003-0561-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12216"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E82","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481408000305","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis: presentation, treatment, and outcome","volume":"80","author":"Lin M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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