{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:49:41Z","timestamp":1785250181829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Testicular torsion (TT) is a urological emergency that affects one in 4000 males younger than 25\u2009years. Delays in the management of TT may result in testicular ischaemia, testicular necrosis, orchidectomy and infertility. This review assesses the validity of near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a diagnostic tool in the assessment and diagnosis of TT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search of Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases was performed in January 2019 using specific search terms. Selected studies were ranked and evaluated using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies\u20102 tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of nine studies that included 253 subjects (88 animals and 165 humans) with a mean sample size of 28.1 (standard deviation 40.8) subjects were included. The mean difference in testicular tissue oxygen saturation between torsed and non\u2010torsed testes (\u0394%StO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were 45%, 42% (\u00b15%), 26% and 5\u201318% in four animal studies and 2.0%, 3.0%, 6.7%, 6.8% and 23.0% in five human studies. The tissue oxygen saturation difference between contralateral healthy testes (controls) ranged from 1% to 10% in the five studies that alluded to this.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current body of evidence does not support the use of NIRS in the work\u2010up of TT. Well\u2010designed clinical trials with large patient samples are required to determine whether NIRS may have some future role as a diagnostic modality in TT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.15402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T05:33:40Z","timestamp":1568266420000},"page":"708-714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Near\u2010infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of testicular torsion: valuable modality or waste of valuable time? A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3306-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Laher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences The University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8555-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlize","family":"Swart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences The University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Honiball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences The University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlon","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Austin Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Lawrentschuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Austin Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Olivia\u2010Newton John Cancer Centre The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9069-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences The University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.10.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-018-1579-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.1672"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3253318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.09.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optical monitoring of testicular torsion using a miniaturized near infrared spectroscopy sensor","volume":"10038","author":"Shadgan B","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. 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