{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:35:09Z","timestamp":1778009709255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001785","name":"Flinders University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent changes to the Australian Medicare Benefits Scheme have introduced the NOSE Score as a criteria threshold for funding rhinoplasty. On review of the literature, however, there is minimal normative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (<\/jats:styled-content>NOSE) score data to provide context for these changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were recruited according to the general Australian population distribution of age (18\u201365\u2009years), gender and geographical locations using the market research company Pureprofile. The data included demographic details, risk factors for nasal obstruction such as smoking, obstructive sleep apnoea, use of continuous positive airway pressure, history of nasal trauma, operations to the nose and a history of cleft lip\/palate and each participant completed the NOSE Scale. Analysis of data included descriptive statistics, independent <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests and one\u2010way analysis of variances to assess differences in NOSE scores between risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NOSE score was completed by 247 males and 255 females with a mean age of 41(\u00b113.39) years. The cohort had a mean NOSE score of 16 (\u00b118.89) with a range from 0 to 95. A total of 48 respondents had a NOSE score greater than the Medicare threshold of &gt;45. Cleft lip\/palate, obstructive sleep apnoea and continuous positive airway pressure use were shown to have a statistically significant impact on NOSE score while other variables including body mass index, gender, smoking, location and other surgery to the nose were not shown to significantly impact results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found that 9.6% of the general Australian population would have a NOSE score &gt;45 and qualify for the Medicare Benefits Scheme rhinoplasty benefit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.15990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T03:56:50Z","timestamp":1589774210000},"page":"2304-2309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Normative data for the <scp>Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation<\/scp> Scale in the general Australian population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9470-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian","family":"Stefani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Flinders Medical Centre  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Flinders Medical Centre  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Crittenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Flinders Medical Centre  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola R.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Flinders Medical Centre  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2012.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-1609.2009.00129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2018.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Medicare Benefits Schedule Book Category 3","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4359-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27578"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.1639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2013.344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4486-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2013.2473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2006.20.2940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-010-1469-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Census of Population and Housing: Australia Revealed","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221511800035X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Is Access to Surgery a Postcode Lottery?","author":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"4364.0.55.001 \u2013 National Health Survey: First Results, 2014\u201315","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"950","article-title":"Pregnancy rhinitis in Turkish women: do gestational week, BMI and parity affect nasal congestion?","volume":"32","author":"Ulkumen B","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. 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