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It would be beneficial, therefore, if a simple and reliable modality can be developed to assist in the identification of parathyroid glands intra\u2010operatively. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of intra\u2010operative modalities used to identify parathyroid glands with a particular focus on near\u2010infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF). Twenty\u2010seven studies were considered relevant in this literature review. Several modalities have been used to aid parathyroid gland identification, including Raman spectroscopy, indocyanine green angiography, and NIRAF. NIRAF technology allows parathyroid glands to spontaneously give off light (autofluorescence) when exposed to near\u2010infrared light at a wavelength of 785\u2009nm, creating a contrast between tissues to allow intra\u2010operative differentiation. Studies utilising NIRAF technology were able to identify 76.3%\u2013100% of parathyroid glands intra\u2010operatively. Furthermore, two randomised controlled trials comparing NIRAF and white light showed that the use of NIRAF was able to significantly increase the mean number of parathyroid glands detected and reduce the incidence of post\u2010operative hypocalcaemia. NIRAF is an emerging tool that has been shown to increase the number of intra\u2010operative parathyroid gland identification and reduce the rate of post\u2010operative hypocalcaemia in a safe and reproducible manner. Future trials are needed to evaluate the real\u2010life impact of NIRAF technology in outcomes of patients following thyroid surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.17117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T08:10:36Z","timestamp":1629447036000},"page":"1711-1716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Methods of identification of parathyroid glands in thyroid surgery: A literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Tjahjono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Westmead Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery Chris O'Brien Lifehouse  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery Chris O'Brien Lifehouse  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9629-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faruque","family":"Riffat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Westmead Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery Chris O'Brien Lifehouse  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten E.","family":"Palme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery Chris O'Brien Lifehouse  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"814","article-title":"The anatomy of primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"92","author":"Thompson N","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands","volume":"95","author":"Akerstr\u00f6m G","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9384"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9676"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14462.DSC"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1124-5_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181f698df"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7219"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-017-1641-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3583571"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2503"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.06.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3571-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.04.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Parathyroid autofluorescence\u2010how does it affect parathyroid and thyroid surgery? 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