{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:44:28Z","timestamp":1782132268598,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assault is the most common mechanism of injury in patients presenting with facial trauma in Australia. For women, there is a propensity for maxillofacial injuries to stem from intimate partner violence (IPV). Those with a low socioeconomic status have higher rates of IPV. This study examines variations in the proportion of surgical procedures that are due to facial trauma for Australian women and men by employment status and residential socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A single centre retrospective study was conducted (2008\u20132018). The proportion of operative patients presenting with facial fractures was examined. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for year and age, was performed for women and men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facial fractures comprised 1.51% (1602) of all surgeries, patients had a mean age of 32, and 81.3% were male. Unemployed patients were more likely to require surgery for a facial fracture (OR 2.36 (2.09\u20132.68), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;0.001), and there were no significant variations by index of economic resources (IER). Unemployed males had higher rates of facial fractures (OR 2.09 (1.82\u20132.39), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;0.001). Unemployed and disadvantaged IER females had higher rates of facial fractures (OR 5.02 (3.73\u20136.75), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;0.001 and OR 2.31(1.63\u20133.29), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found disparities in rates of surgery for facial fractures; unemployment increased the rates for men and women, whereas disadvantaged IER increased rates for women. Studies have demonstrated higher rates of IPV for unemployed and low socioeconomic status women. Further research ascertaining the aetiology of these disparities is important both for primary prevention initiatives and to enable treating clinicians to better understand and address the role of IPV and alcohol consumption in these injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.17763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1652087905000},"page":"1700-1705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Socioeconomic disparities in rates of facial fracture surgeries for women and men at a regional tertiary care centre in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elzerie","family":"de Jager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry The James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yik\u2010Hong","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry The James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Townsville Clinical School The Townsville Hospital  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2010.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Maxillofacial trauma","volume":"41","author":"Lynham A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(90)90476-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Family domestic and sexual violence in Australia: continuing the national story 2019 [internet]. Canberra;2019[Cited 26 Oct 2021.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/getmedia\/b0037b2d-a651-4abf-9f7b-00a85e3de528\/aihw-fdv3-FDSV-in-Australia-2019.pdf.aspx?inline=true"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/orbi.19.3.143.2659"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Census of Population and Housing:Socio\u2010Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) Australia 2016 [Internet].2016[Cited 27 Sep 2021.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/by%20Subject\/2033.0.55.001~2016~Main%20Features~IER~21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.077628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2008.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(98)90739-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Role of alcohol in maxillofacial fractures","volume":"121","author":"Lee K","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Zygomatic fractures presenting to a tertiary trauma centre, 1996\u20132006","volume":"105","author":"Lee K","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Z. Dent. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-021-02534-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpen.2011.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5249\/jivr.v5i1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2008.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2007.04189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94113310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104010004"},{"issue":"1374","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Alcohol\u2010related injuries requiring surgery","volume":"126","author":"Nair SM","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2014.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070903442624"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1943387520962280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-021-00322-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-020-09340-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.22942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.14.6.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.1.165"}],"container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ans.17763","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ans.17763","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ans.17763","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T13:30:21Z","timestamp":1692797421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ans.17763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ans.17763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ans.17763","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-1433","1445-2197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1445-1433","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-2197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}