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In the orthopaedic operating theatre occupational hazards that have an effect on pregnancy outcomes include radiation, exposure to methyl methacrylate in bone cement, surgical smoke, sharps injuries, exposure to anaesthetic waste gases and the effects of the physical demands of surgery including prolonged work hours and night shift work. Outside the operating theatre exposure to nitrous oxide, formaldehyde, surgical scrub also have evidence of negative pregnancy outcomes. This review summarizes the available evidence as it relates to specific occupational hazards that face health workers in an orthopaedic operating theatre. This information, while targeted at orthopaedic health workers, is also relevant to anaesthetists, radiographers, nursing staff, medical device company representatives and female surgeons in other specialties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T05:46:02Z","timestamp":1712641562000},"page":"1910-1918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Occupational hazards and pregnancy in orthopaedics: female surgeons are at increased risk of infertility and pregnancy complications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5470-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Orthopaedic Association  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital  Nedlands Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avanthi","family":"Mandaleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Orthopaedic Association  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Dandenong Hospital  Dandenong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Stannage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Orthopaedic Association  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital  Nedlands Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Orthopaedic Association  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.5420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.3301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Frellick M.Nearly Half of Female Surgeons Surveyed Lost a Pregnancy \u2013Medscape.2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Activities Report","author":"(RACS), R.A.C.o.S","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Diversity: women in orthopaedic surgery \u2013 a perspective from the international Orthopaedic diversity Alliance","volume":"8","author":"Green J","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trauma Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231216489"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.07.936"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology","author":"Agency ARPANS","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1359735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B1.27689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.74.883.740629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2008.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pregnancy and medical radiation","volume":"30","author":"Protection, I.C.o.R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. 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