{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:44:13Z","timestamp":1787013853220,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Reduced spinal canal anteroposterior (AP) diameter and AP\u2010transverse diameter ratio have been linked to the development of spinal cord injury and myelopathy. Previously unpublished data has suggested Maori and Pacifica individuals may have narrower cervical spine canals than their NZ European counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n We evaluate the existence of potential differences in dimensions of the sub\u2010axial cervical spine canal between New Zealand European, M\u0101ori and Polynesian individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n A computed tomography (CT) analysis of 645 intact adult sub\u2010axial cervical vertebrae from 129 patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 645 human sub\u2010axial (C3\u2013C7) cervical vertebrae were analysed radiographically, using 1\u2009mm resolution CT scans to measure AP diameter, transverse diameter and AP:transverse ratio. CT data were obtained from normal trauma scans demonstrating no acute pathology. CT data was reformatted in digital software allowing multi\u2010planar reconstruction (MPR) to increase accuracy of measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 245 vertebrae were from M\u0101ori individuals, 245 from NZ European and 155 from Polynesians. There were 455 male vertebrae and 215 female vertebrae. Statistically significant differences were found in AP canal diameter between all ethnic groups, at all spinal levels. The average cervical spine canal was around 2.5\u2009mm narrower in Polynesians and around 1.5\u2009mm narrower in M\u0101ori than NZ Europeans. No differences in Transverse canal diameter were observed, however statistically significant differences were found in the AP:transverse ratio at all spinal levels.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our study, utilizing a normal patient cohort, confirms differences in canal dimensions between ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n Ethnic variation in cervical canal dimensions as herein described, must be considered when defining and diagnosing congenital stenosis. Neglecting to account for these differences may lead to misdiagnosis of congenital stenosis in normal individuals in certain ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.19186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T04:19:56Z","timestamp":1723263596000},"page":"1963-1970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Anteroposterior cervical spine canal diameter: exploring ethnic variation between European and Polynesian populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Goddard\u2010Hodge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Christchurch Hospital Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Boukebous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Waikato Hospital Hamilton New Zealand"},{"name":"ECAMO team URM 1153 CRESS, INSERM Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8518-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Waikato Hospital Hamilton New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.93.1.0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4608-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198410000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198701000-00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198301000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2295-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Faraj S. Coldham G.J. Doyle A.andBaber P. 2006.Ethnic variation in cervical spine diameter. In Orthopaedic Proceedings (Vol. 88 No. Supp_II pp. 312\u2013312). The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Cervical spinal canal narrowing and cervical neurological injuries","volume":"15","author":"Zhang L","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. 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