{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T14:59:30Z","timestamp":1785941970896,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Australia, middle ear disease disproportionately affects Indigenous children, leading to poor hearing outcomes. This study aimed to determine the natural history of untreated chronic otitis media in Indigenous children in remote South Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline and 3\u2009year follow\u2010up data was collected from Indigenous children aged 5\u201318\u2009years living on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. 4\u2010frequency pure\u2010tone audiometry was used to determine hearing levels. Middle ear pathology was determined by video\u2010otoscopy with tympanometry and classified at baseline as group 1 (normal), group 2 (abnormal with intact tympanic membrane), or group 3 (perforated tympanic membrane).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 253 children were included in this study. Children in group 1 (20.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u2009dBHL; Mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) had significantly better hearing outcomes at 3\u2009year follow\u2010up than children with abnormal ears (groups 2 and 3) (23.8\u2009\u00b1\u20097.0\u2009dBHL), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001. The difference was greatest for group 1 versus 3 (27.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4\u2009dBHL), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, followed by 1 versus 2 (22.4\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8\u2009dBHL), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009, and between 2 (22.4\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8\u2009dBHL) and 3 (27.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4\u2009dBHL), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hearing in Indigenous children with untreated middle ear pathology remains poor at follow\u2010up compared to those without pathology. Intervention is therefore critical to prevent persisting poor hearing outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.19249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T10:00:44Z","timestamp":1728295244000},"page":"2173-2178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The disease burden of untreated chronic otitis media in <scp>Indigenous<\/scp> children from remote communities does not improve over time. A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4231-774X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail C.","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Voyvodic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmaine","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linnett","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7507-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Simon","family":"Carney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"977","volume-title":"Paediatrics, the Ear, Skull Base","author":"Browning GG","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02929.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-5-27"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215113003083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: Burden of Illness and Management Options","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215118001275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09620-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02931.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02928.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Ear and Hearing Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People 2021","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/PY16096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"How Realistic Are the Prospects for \u2018Closing the Gaps\u2019 in Socioeconomic Outcomes for Indigenous Australians?","author":"Altman J","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"Review of Ear Health and Hearing Among Indigenous Australians","author":"Burns JF","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038273"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, 2018\u201319","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Ear and hearing health in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15\u2009years and older: a scoping review","volume":"1","author":"Pender A","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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