{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:14:28Z","timestamp":1788250468191,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postoperative ileus (POI) is a transient impairment of gastrointestinal motility occurring after surgery. Patients with POI can suffer from complications such as increased risk of nosocomial infections, overall mortality risk, and higher overall healthcare costs. This study aims to (a) evaluate the effectiveness of gum chewing on relieving POI symptoms (b) conduct meta\u2010analysis on POI outcome variables to estimate overall effect size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus for English language randomized controlled trials (RCTs), evaluating the postoperative effects of gum chewing in adult surgical patients. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, resolving conflicts by discussion. Study quality was assessed using the GRADE system. Meta\u2010analysis was conducted within two surgical specialty subgroups separately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 1925 citations, 714 duplicates were removed. After title\/abstract screening, 128 proceeded to full text review, out of which 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among RCTs, 69.8% noted statistically significant improvement in at least one of the POI outcomes in the intervention cohort. Meta\u2010analysis showed significant reductions in time to first flatus (\u22127.4\u2009h; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0003) and defecation (\u221218.64\u2009h; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) in general and colorectal surgery. Similar reductions were also observed in the OBGYN and gynecology cohort: flatus (\u22126.52\u2009h; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and defecation (\u22129.71\u2009h; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chewing gum is a safe low\u2010cost intervention that has the potential to significantly reduce POI symptoms and hospitalization times. Meta\u2010analysis validated the clinical relevance of the intervention. Standardized protocols are still required to delineate true effect sizes and reduce heterogeneity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T12:09:07Z","timestamp":1753099747000},"page":"1320-1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Effects of Gum Chewing in the Postoperative\u2010Period: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Calandra","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhil","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3528-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi Ming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. 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