{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1792039628447,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cranioplasty is a frequently performed neurosurgical procedure, yet long\u2010term durability remains variable and the factors predicting success or failure are not well established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a review of 302 adult patients who underwent cranioplasty at two tertiary centres between 2014 and 2021. Cranioplasty failure was defined as implant removal due to infection, structural failure or autologous bone resorption. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between failure and clinical variables including cranioplasty material, indication for initial craniectomy, defect site and size and having a prior cranioplasty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall cranioplasty failure rate was 11.3%. Autologous bone was used in the majority of reconstructions (66.5%), with the remainder utilising alloplastic materials. Infection rates did not differ significantly between autologous and alloplastic reconstructions. Univariate analysis showed higher failure rates following trauma\u2010related craniectomies. Multivariate regression demonstrated that trauma\u2010related indications were independently associated with increased failure risk (OR 3.06,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), while other factors including material type, defect site and prior cranioplasty were not statistically significant. In a separate model, large defects were not significantly associated with failure (OR 0.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.50).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cranioplasty failure remains a multifactorial complication. Trauma\u2010related indication was independently associated with increased failure risk, while material type, defect site and prior cranioplasty were not significant predictors. These findings highlight the need for prospective studies and longer\u2010term surveillance, particularly in patients undergoing reconstruction following traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.71006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:14:14Z","timestamp":1792037654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Cranioplasty Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 302 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Gonzalez Matheus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland  Herston Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery Princess Alexandra Hospital  Woolloongabba Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Redmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Royal Brisbane &amp; Women's Hospital  Herston Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Princess Alexandra Hospital  Woolloongabba Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-5215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Wagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery Princess Alexandra Hospital  Woolloongabba Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.106","article-title":"Decompressive Craniectomy: Past, Present and Future","volume":"9","author":"Kolias A. G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/8\/0245","article-title":"Reversible Monoparesis Following Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"109","author":"Stiver S. 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K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.10.003","article-title":"Estimating Postoperative Skull Defect Volume From CT Images Using the ABC Method","volume":"114","author":"Xiao F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S449","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003019","article-title":"Outcomes of Cranioplasty Strategies for High\u2010Risk Complex Cranial Defects: A 10\u2010Year Experience","volume":"88","author":"Soto R. 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A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2017.07.001","article-title":"Reconstruction of Cranioplasty Using Medpor Porouspolyethylene Implant","volume":"63","author":"Marlier B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro\u2010Chirurgie"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"2279","article-title":"Custom\u2010Made Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Implants for the Reconstruction of Cranial Defects: A Single\u2010Center Experience","volume":"164","author":"Marlier B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"}],"container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ans.71006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ans.71006","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ans.71006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:14:18Z","timestamp":1792037658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ans.71006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ans.71006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ans.71006","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-1433","1445-2197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1445-1433","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-2197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ans.71006"}}