{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:29:03Z","timestamp":1770064143949,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]],"date-time":"2013-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate risk factors for stillbirths by cause, using the Causes of Death and Associated Conditions (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CODAC<\/jats:styled-content>) classification system for perinatal deaths.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case\u2010control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two university hospitals in Oslo, Norway, January 1990 through December 2003.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with stillbirth after 22 gestational weeks (n\u00a0=\u00a0377) and controls with live births (n\u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0215), and a subsample of 105 cases and 262 controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Socio\u2010demographic, clinical and thrombophilic risk factors for stillbirths were assessed by cause of death in univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Stillbirths were classified according to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CODAC<\/jats:styled-content> based on information from medical records and validated placenta histology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Causes of stillbirths in percentages, prevalence, odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios for potential risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately half of the women (n\u00a0=\u00a0190) had placental and 19.4% (n\u00a0=\u00a073) unknown cause of stillbirth. Placental\u2010associated conditions were registered in 18% (n\u00a0=\u00a068) of cases with a non\u2010placental or an unknown cause. Smoking and small\u2010for\u2010gestational age were more prevalent in all causal groups, compared with controls, whereas twin pregnancy, hypertension and diabetes were more prevalent only among women with placental and unknown causes of stillbirth. The <jats:italic>F2rs179963<\/jats:italic> polymorphism and combined thrombophilia were significant risk factors for stillbirth with placental causes and antiphospholipid antibodies for stillbirth with non\u2010placental causes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two\u2010thirds of all stillbirths (68%) were caused by or associated with placental pathology. Risk factors differed somewhat according to cause, apart from smoking and small\u2010for\u2010gestational age, which were significant risk factors across the causal groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]],"date-time":"2012-11-16T19:48:22Z","timestamp":1353095302000},"page":"325-333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Classification of stillbirths and risk factors by cause of death \u2013 a case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Linda Bj\u00f6rk","family":"Helgad\u00f3ttir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gitta","family":"Turowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Finn Egil","family":"Skjeldestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Troms Troms Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Flem","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per Morten","family":"Sandset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borghild","family":"Roald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva\u2010Marie","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60064-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61723-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05847.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02961.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e32834a614c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079006440.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613896","article-title":"The Lupus Ratio test \u2013 an interlaboratory study on the detection of Lupus anticoagulants by an APTT\u2010based, integrated, and semi\u2010quantitative test. Fifth International Survey of Lupus Anticoagulants \u2013 ISLA 5","volume":"83","author":"Jacobsen EM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e66d58"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61712-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38629.587639.7C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"CESDI \u2010 Confidental enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in infancy. 8th Annual Report.2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00024-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"The stillborn fetus: placental histologic examination in determining a cause","volume":"65","author":"Rayburn W","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.29841"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1996.tb02703.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3181eb68fe"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.16.2.79.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17987-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)91325-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000211957.68745.6b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.10.897"}],"container-title":["Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Faogs.12044","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aogs.12044","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T05:46:18Z","timestamp":1698644778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aogs.12044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aogs.12044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.12044","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6349","1600-0412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6349","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-03-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-02-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}