{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:52:01Z","timestamp":1790819521457,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90418601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90418601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004348","name":"Stockholms L\u00e4ns Landsting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Active resistance is considered to be the \u2018normal\u2019 reaction during rape. However, studies have indicated that similar to animals, humans exposed to extreme threat may react with a state of involuntary, temporary motor inhibition known as tonic immobility. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of tonic immobility during rape and subsequent post\u2010traumatic stress disorder and severe depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tonic immobility at the time of the assault was assessed using the Tonic Immobility Scale in 298 women who had visited the Emergency clinic for raped women within 1\u00a0month of a sexual assault. Information about the assault and the victim characteristics were taken from the structured clinical data files. After 6\u00a0months, 189 women were assessed regarding the development of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 298 women, 70% reported significant tonic immobility and 48% reported extreme tonic immobility during the assault. Tonic immobility was associated with the development of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.50\u20135.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.001) and severe depression (OR 3.42; 95% CI 1.51\u20137.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003) at 6\u00a0months. Further, previous trauma history (OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.48\u20133.77,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.001) and psychiatric treatment history (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.26\u20133.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.003) were associated with the tonic immobility response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tonic immobility during rape is a common reaction associated with subsequent post\u2010traumatic stress disorder and severe depression. Knowledge of this reaction in sexual assault victims is important in legal matters and for healthcare follow up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T01:12:43Z","timestamp":1496797963000},"page":"932-938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Tonic immobility during sexual assault\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a common reaction predicting post\u2010traumatic stress disorder and severe depression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Peter","family":"S\u00f6ndergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotti","family":"Helstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2008.00112.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2002.118013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016663934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600004510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626093008001008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"The Tonic Immobility Scale","author":"Forsyth JP","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory","author":"Beck AT","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007822603186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512441261"}],"container-title":["Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Faogs.13174","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aogs.13174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T09:27:02Z","timestamp":1695547622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aogs.13174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aogs.13174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.13174","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6349","1600-0412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6349","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-08-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}