{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:58:07Z","timestamp":1790791087129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Robertson Foundation\/Aotearoa postdoctoral fellowship"},{"name":"Mercia Barnes Trust"},{"name":"Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, funded by the Tertiary Education Commission of New Zealand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The influence of levator\u2010ani muscles on second\u2010stage labor is poorly understood. The ability of these muscles to stretch without damage may affect birth outcomes, but little is known about material properties, effects of pregnancy and\/or ethnicity on levator\u2010ani stiffness. There are strong associations between muscle damage and subsequent pelvic floor disorders. This study aimed to quantify levator\u2010ani muscle stiffness during the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum in European and Polynesian women. Associations between stiffness, obstetric variables, and the risk of intrapartum levator\u2010ani injury (avulsion) were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a prospective observational pilot study. A total of 167 (106 European and 61 Polynesian) nulliparous women were recruited antenatally; 129 returned postnatally. Participants were assessed between 36 and 38 weeks' gestation and three to five months postpartum. Assessments included pelvic floor ultrasound, elastometry testing, and validated questionnaires on pelvic floor function. Logistic regression, Student <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> Chi\u2010square and Mann\u2013Whitney tests were used as appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are significant differences between antenatal and postnatal muscle stiffness measurements (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Stiffness was significantly higher in the European cohort (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03). There were more avulsion injuries in European (20%) than in Polynesian (9%) women. There were no significant differences in antenatal stiffness between women with and without avulsion, but change in stiffness (antenatal to postnatal) was significantly less in the avulsion group. There were no associations between stiffness, and other obstetric variables, epidural anesthesia seemed protective (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantification of levator\u2010ani muscle stiffness is feasible. Muscle stiffness is significantly different before and after birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T07:57:13Z","timestamp":1498809433000},"page":"1234-1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Characterizing levator\u2010ani muscle stiffness pre\u2010 and post\u2010childbirth in European and Polynesian women in New Zealand: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4609-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Budgett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute 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