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Using Poisson regression, induced deliveries in each of the gestational age periods were compared with all ongoing pregnancies. Propensity score matching was applied to reduce confounding by indication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the gestational age groups 1 and 2, labor induction significantly decreased the risk of meconium aspiration syndrome [relative risk (RR) 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18\u20130.91 (group 1), RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21\u20130.91 (group 2)] but increased the risk for prolonged hospitalization of a neonate [RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.10\u20101.54 (group 1) and RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.47 (group 2)]. In groups 3 and 4, labor induction significantly increased the risk for emergency cesarean section [RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06\u20131.28 (group 3) and RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09\u20131.29 (group 4)] but still reduced the risk for meconium aspiration syndrome. In group 5, labor induction did not affect the risk for any of the studied outcomes (operative delivery, obstetric trauma, neonatal mortality, respirator treatment, Apgar &lt;7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Propensity score matching is a novel approach to studying the effect of labor induction. It highlighted the conflicting maternal and neonatal risks and benefits of the intervention, and supported expectant management as a valid option, at least until close to 42\u00a0weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T09:36:43Z","timestamp":1503308203000},"page":"445-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Propensity score method for analyzing the effect of labor induction in prolonged pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9968-6660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aura","family":"Pyyk\u00f6nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna\u2010Maija","family":"Tapper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyvink\u00e4\u00e4 Hospital University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Services Department THL National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Division of Family Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Haukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Pet\u00e4j\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Lehtonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.08.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182179e28"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)00862-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90384-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"CD004945","article-title":"Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term","author":"G\u00fclmezoglu AM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2014","volume":"64","author":"Hamilton BEMJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Perinataalitilasto \u2013 synnytt\u00e4j\u00e4t, synnytykset ja vastasyntyneet 2015. 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