{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:53:26Z","timestamp":1774353206314,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human yolk sac provides the embryo with stem cells, nutrients, and gas exchange. We hypothesized that more maternal resources, reflected in body size and body composition, would condition a a larger yolk sac, ensuring resources for the growing embryo. Thus, we aimed to determine the relation between maternal size in early pregnancy and yolk sac size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This subsidiary study was embedded in the multinational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">World Health Organization<\/jats:styled-content> fetal growth project that included healthy women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">a body mass index of<\/jats:styled-content> 18\u201030, reliable information of their regular last menstrual period and singleton pregnancies. Yolk sac diameter, crown\u2010rump length, and maternal height, weight, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">body mass index<\/jats:styled-content>, and body composition were assessed before 13\u00a0weeks of gestation, and the fetal biometry was repeated during the pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 140 participants, 122 with a successful yolk sac measurement were entered in the present analysis. Maternal weight was negatively associated with the yolk sac diameter (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007) and so was maternal height (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011), fat mass (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.037), and lean body mass (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.018), but not body mass index (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.121). Significant effects were predominantly due to the female embryos and could be traced at 24\u00a0weeks of gestation. That is, a small yolk sac : crown\u2010rump length ratio in early pregnancy was associated with a high fetal abdominal circumference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and estimated fetal weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human yolk sac is involved in the regulation of embryonic growth, but contrary to our hypothesis, the yolk sac has a compensatory capacity, being larger when the mothers are smaller; and the effect can be traced on fetal size at 24\u00a0weeks of gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]],"date-time":"2018-09-16T13:10:30Z","timestamp":1537103430000},"page":"176-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The human yolk sac size reflects involvement in embryonic and fetal growth regulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9219-1702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette","family":"Odland Karlsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Synn\u00f8ve L.","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svein","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gro","family":"Trae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilde M. 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