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To communicate, cells secrete cytokines that have multiple and diverse effects on recipient cells. Knowledge of how these cells interact in the uterus is insufficient. Menstrual blood is easily accessible and provides a source to study menstrual cycle physiology. This study aimed to determine the cytokine profile in menstrual blood plasma and investigate the differences in cytokine profiles between menstrual and peripheral blood plasma. Several previous studies indicate an improved chance of embryo implantation after endometrial scratching. Consequently, our secondary aim was to compare the menstrual blood cytokine profile before and after luteal phase endometrial scratching.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen healthy donors collected menstrual blood for the first 24\u00a0hours of menstruation in two sequential cycles. Matched peripheral blood was taken at the same time. An endometrial biopsy was performed at cycle day 7\u20109 post ovulation in between the two collection times. A Luminex multiplex assay was performed in one batch analyzing a predetermined group of cytokines in plasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral blood plasma and menstrual blood plasma showed substantial significant differences in cytokine profile. In menstrual blood plasma, C5\/C5a, interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), IL\u20101\u03b2, and CXCL8 were detected in high concentrations, whereas IL\u20102, IL\u201012p70, XCL1\/Lymphotactin, and interferon\u2010\u03b3 were low. The most pronounced median differences between menstrual and peripheral blood plasma were found for IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, and CXCL8. The cytokine profiles of menstrual blood plasma were similar between the individual donors and did not differ over two subsequent cycles. None of the cytokines analyzed in menstrual blood plasma differed significantly before or after luteal phase endometrial scratching (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrate that the menstrual blood cytokine profile is distinctly different from peripheral blood plasma and that the inter\u2010individual difference in menstrual blood cytokine profile in healthy donors is limited and stable over time. The small injury caused by an endometrial biopsy does not change the cytokine profile in the subsequent menstrual cycle. Our study provides new insights into menstrual cycle physiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]],"date-time":"2020-09-06T08:42:55Z","timestamp":1599381775000},"page":"339-346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The cytokine profile of menstrual blood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4998-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ylva","family":"Crona Guterstam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Patient Area Gynecology and Reproduction Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Strunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin A.","family":"Ivarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Sofia","family":"Melin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capio Gynecology Clinic Globen Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aino F.","family":"Jonasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Patient Area Gynecology and Reproduction Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas K.","family":"Bj\u00f6rkstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1432-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian Brusell","family":"Gidl\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Stockholm South General Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-012-9223-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2014.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2002.810903.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.011288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.020651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(95)90093-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.5081.abstract"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719114525270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"\u00dcber die experimentelle Erzeugung von Knoten von Deciduagewebe in dem Uterus des Meerschweinchens nach stattgefundener Copulation. 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