{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:05:08Z","timestamp":1789423508906,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are at increased risk of cerebral injury and neurodevelopmental dysfunction. N\u2010acetyl\u2010cysteine (NAC) is a known anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant agent. Currently, there is no prophylactic treatment in clinical use to prevent NEC and its neurodevelopmental sequelae. We sought to determine whether brain inflammation\/apoptosis accompanies NEC systemic inflammation, and whether it can be attenuated by maternal NAC treatment during pregnancy and\/or in the neonatal period in a rat model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An established NEC newborn model (hypoxia 5% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> for 10\u00a0min and formula feeding thrice daily, beginning on day 1 for 4\u00a0days) was used in Sprague\u2010Dawley rat pups (n\u00a0=\u00a032). An additional group of pups (n\u00a0=\u00a033) received NAC (300\u00a0mg\/kg intraperitoneal thrice daily) in addition to NEC conditions (NEC\u2010NAC). Control pups (n\u00a0=\u00a033) were nursed and remained with the dam in room air. Two additional groups included pups of dams treated once daily with NAC (300\u00a0mg\/kg intravenous) in the last 3\u00a0days of pregnancy. After birth, pups were randomized into NAC\u2010NEC (n\u00a0=\u00a033) with NEC conditions and NAC\u2010NEC\u2010NAC (n\u00a0=\u00a036) with additional postnatal NAC treatment. Pups were sacrificed on the fifth day of life. Pup serum interleukin (IL)\u20106 protein levels, and brain nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) p65, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), Caspase 3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), IL\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 protein levels were determined by ELISA, western blot and TUNEL staining, and the groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>NEC pups had significantly increased serum IL\u20106 levels compared with the control group as well as increased neuronal apoptosis and brain protein levels of NF\u2010\u03baB, nNOS, Caspase 3, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 compared with control. In all NAC treatment groups, levels of serum IL\u20106, neuronal apoptosis and brain NF\u2010\u03baB, nNOS, Caspase 3, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 protein levels were significantly reduced compared with the NEC group. The most pronounced decrease was demonstrated within the NAC\u2010NEC\u2010NAC group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>NAC treatment can attenuate newborn inflammatory response syndrome and decrease offspring brain neuroapoptosis and inflammation in a rat model of NEC by inhibition of NF\u2010\u03baB, nNOS and Caspase 3 pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T20:12:37Z","timestamp":1606594357000},"page":"979-987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Maternal N\u2010acetyl\u2010cysteine prevents neonatal brain injury associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in a rat 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